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A flagellum (/ f l ə ˈ dʒ ɛ l əm /; pl.: flagella) (Latin for 'whip' or 'scourge') is a hair-like appendage that protrudes from certain plant and animal sperm cells, from fungal spores (), and from a wide range of microorganisms to provide motility.
Bacterial flagella are helical filaments, each with a rotary motor at its base which can turn clockwise or counterclockwise. [16] [17] [18] They provide two of several kinds of bacterial motility. [19] [20] Archaeal flagella are called archaella, and function in much the same way as bacterial flagella
In molecular biology, the flagellar motor switch protein (Flig) is one of three proteins in certain bacteria coded for by the gene fliG. [1] The other two proteins are FliN coded for by fliN, [2] and FliM coded for by fliM. [3] The protein complex regulates the direction of flagellar rotation and hence controls swimming behaviour. [4]
Cells of Chlorophyceae usually have two or four flagella, but in some cases may have numerous flagella. The flagella emerge from the apex of the cell, and are connected to the nucleus via rhizoplasts. [2] The arrangement of flagella may be in one of two configurations, termed CW ("clockwise") or DO ("directly opposed").
Flagellins are a family of proteins present in flagellated bacteria [1] which arrange themselves in a hollow cylinder to form the filament in a bacterial flagellum. Flagellin has a mass on average of about 40,000 daltons. [2] [3] Flagellins are the principal component of bacterial flagella that have a crucial role in bacterial motility.
Mycobacteria are intracellular bacteria which survive in host macrophages. The mycobacterial wall is composed of lipids and polysaccharides and also contains high amounts of mycolic acid. Purified cell wall components of mycobacteria activate mainly TLR2 and also TLR4. Lipomannan and lipoarabinomannan are strong immunomodulatory lipoglycans. [20]
Flagella in eukaryotes are supported by microtubules in a characteristic arrangement, with nine fused pairs surrounding two central singlets. These arise from a basal body. In some flagellates, flagella direct food into a cytostome or mouth, where food is ingested. Flagella role in classifying eukaryotes.
Ehrenberg did not notice Euglena ' s flagella, however. The first to publish a record of this feature was Félix Dujardin, who added "filament flagelliforme" to the descriptive criteria of the genus in 1841. [30] Subsequently, the class Flagellata (Cohn, 1853) was created for creatures, like Euglena, possessing one or more flagella. While ...