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  2. Abrams' law - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrams'_law

    Abrams' law (also called Abrams' water-cement ratio law) [1] is a concept in civil engineering. The law states the strength of a concrete mix is inversely related to the mass ratio of water to cement. [1] [2] As the water content increases, the strength of concrete decreases. Abrams’ law is a special case of a general rule formulated ...

  3. Superplasticizer - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superplasticizer

    Their addition allows to decrease the water-to-cement ratio of concrete or mortar without negatively affecting the workability of the mixture. It enables the production of self-consolidating concrete and high-performance concrete. The water–cement ratio is the main factor determining the concrete strength and its durability. Superplasticizers ...

  4. Properties of concrete - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Properties_of_concrete

    Twenty eight days is a long wait to determine if desired strengths are going to be obtained, so three-day and seven-day strengths can be useful to predict the ultimate 28-day compressive strength of the concrete. A 25% strength gain between 7 and 28 days is often observed with 100% OPC (ordinary Portland cement) mixtures, and between 25% and 40 ...

  5. Strength of materials - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strength_of_materials

    Tensile strength or ultimate tensile strength is a limit state of tensile stress that leads to tensile failure in the manner of ductile failure (yield as the first stage of that failure, some hardening in the second stage and breakage after a possible "neck" formation) or brittle failure (sudden breaking in two or more pieces at a low-stress ...

  6. Rule of mixtures - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_mixtures

    where is the volume fraction of the fibers in the composite (and is the volume fraction of the matrix).. If it is assumed that the composite material behaves as a linear-elastic material, i.e., abiding Hooke's law = for some elastic modulus of the composite and some strain of the composite , then equations 1 and 2 can be combined to give

  7. Sulfate attack in concrete and mortar - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfate_attack_in_concrete...

    Cement hydration and strength development mainly depend on two silicate phases: tricalcium silicate (C 3 S) , and dicalcium silicate (C 2 S) . [1] Upon hydration, the main reaction products are calcium silicate hydrates (C-S-H) and calcium hydroxide Ca(OH) 2, written as CH in the cement chemist notation. C-S-H is the phase playing the role of ...

  8. Puzzle solutions for Wednesday, Dec. 4, 2024

    www.aol.com/news/puzzle-solutions-wednesday-dec...

    Note: Most subscribers have some, but not all, of the puzzles that correspond to the following set of solutions for their local newspaper. CROSSWORDS

  9. Calcium silicate hydrate - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_silicate_hydrate

    Dicalcium silicate, which reacts more slowly, only contributes to late strength. Calcium silicate hydrate (also shown as C-S-H) is a result of the reaction between the silicate phases of Portland cement and water. This reaction typically is expressed as: 2 Ca 3 SiO 5 + 7 H 2 O → 3 CaO · 2 SiO 2 · 4 H 2 O + 3 Ca(OH) 2 + 173.6 kJ