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TUN, namely network TUNnel, simulates a network layer device and operates in layer 3 carrying IP packets. TAP, namely network TAP, simulates a link layer device and operates in layer 2 carrying Ethernet frames. TUN is used with routing. TAP can be used to create a user space network bridge. [2]
A high-level overview of network bridging, using the ISO/OSI layers and terminology. A network bridge is a computer networking device that creates a single, aggregate network from multiple communication networks or network segments. This function is called network bridging. [1] Bridging is distinct from routing.
On creation, a network namespace contains only a loopback interface. Each network interface (physical or virtual) is present in exactly 1 namespace and can be moved between namespaces. Each namespace will have a private set of IP addresses, its own routing table, socket listing, connection tracking table, firewall, and other network-related ...
Virtual eXtensible LAN (VXLAN) is a network virtualization technology that uses a VLAN-like encapsulation technique to encapsulate OSI layer 2 Ethernet frames within layer 4 UDP datagrams, using 4789 as the default IANA-assigned destination UDP port number, [1] although many implementations that predate the IANA assignment use port 8472.
However, Ethernet is designed to be a best-effort network that may experience packet loss when the network or devices are busy. In IP networks, transport reliability under the end-to-end principle is the responsibility of the transport protocols, such as the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP).
The lettered clouds represent network segments. The smallest bridge ID is 3. Therefore, bridge 3 is the root bridge. The root bridge of the spanning tree is the bridge with the smallest (lowest) bridge ID. Each bridge has a configurable priority number and a MAC address; the bridge ID is the concatenation of the
Promiscuous mode is often used to diagnose network connectivity issues. There are programs that make use of this feature to show the user all the data being transferred over the network. Some protocols like FTP and Telnet transfer data and passwords in clear text, without encryption, and network scanners can see this data.
Free and open-source software portal; Screenshot of the VTUN Graphical User interface. VTun is a networking application which can set up Virtual Tunnels over TCP/IP networks. It supports Internet Protocol (IP), Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) and Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP) protocols.