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V eq is the volume of titrant (ml) consumed by the crude oil sample and 1 ml of spiking solution at the equivalent point, b eq is the volume of titrant (ml) consumed by 1 ml of spiking solution at the equivalent point, 56.1 g/mol is the molecular weight of KOH, W oil is the mass of the sample in grams. The normality (N) of titrant is calculated as:
The Charlot equation, named after Gaston Charlot, is used in analytical chemistry to relate the hydrogen ion concentration, and therefore the pH, with the formal analytical concentration of an acid and its conjugate base. It can be used for computing the pH of buffer solutions when the approximations of the Henderson–Hasselbalch equation ...
The Henderson–Hasselbalch equation can be used to model these equilibria. It is important to maintain this pH of 7.4 to ensure enzymes are able to work optimally. [10] Life threatening Acidosis (a low blood pH resulting in nausea, headaches, and even coma, and convulsions) is due to a lack of functioning of enzymes at a low pH. [10]
A buffer solution is a solution where the pH does not change significantly on dilution or if an acid or base is added at constant temperature. [1] Its pH changes very little when a small amount of strong acid or base is added to it. Buffer solutions are used as a means of keeping pH at a nearly constant value in a wide variety of chemical ...
The Gran plot is based on the Nernst equation which can be written as E = E 0 + s log { H + } {\displaystyle E=E^{0}+s\log\{H^{+}\}} where E is a measured electrode potential, E 0 is a standard electrode potential, s is the slope, ideally equal to RT/nF, and {H + } is the activity of the hydrogen ion.
For instance, a 5 × 10 −8 M solution of HCl would be expected to have a pH of 7.3 based on the above procedure, which is incorrect as it is acidic and should have a pH of less than 7. In such cases, the system can be treated as a mixture of the acid or base and water, which is an amphoteric substance.
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It is very difficult to measure pH values of less than two in aqueous solution with a glass electrode, because the Nernst equation breaks down at such low pH values. To determine p K values of less than about 2 or more than about 11 spectrophotometric [ 60 ] [ 61 ] or NMR [ 62 ] [ 63 ] measurements may be used instead of, or combined with, pH ...