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Mass-produced x86-64 chips for the general market were available four years later, in 2003, after the time was spent for working prototypes to be tested and refined; about the same time, the initial name x86-64 was changed to AMD64. The success of the AMD64 line of processors coupled with lukewarm reception of the IA-64 architecture forced ...
x86 assembly language has two main syntax branches: Intel syntax and AT&T syntax. [6] Intel syntax is dominant in the DOS and Windows world, and AT&T syntax is dominant in the Unix world, since Unix was created at AT&T Bell Labs. [7] Here is a summary of the main differences between Intel syntax and AT&T syntax:
x32 ABI (Application Binary Interface), introduced in Linux 3.4, allows programs compiled for the x32 ABI to run in the 64-bit mode of x86-64 while only using 32-bit pointers and data fields. [ 91 ] [ 92 ] [ 93 ] Though this limits the program to a virtual address space of 4 GiB it also decreases the memory footprint of the program and in some ...
x86 16-bit (partial 32-bit compatibility through Win32s) ... that Windows can address vary depending on both the Windows version and between IA-32 and x64 versions ...
A 32-bit register can store 2 32 different values. The range of integer values that can be stored in 32 bits depends on the integer representation used. With the two most common representations, the range is 0 through 4,294,967,295 (2 32 − 1) for representation as an binary number, and −2,147,483,648 (−2 31) through 2,147,483,647 (2 31 − 1) for representation as two's complement.
IA-32 is the first incarnation of x86 that supports 32-bit computing; [4] as a result, the "IA-32" term may be used as a metonym to refer to all x86 versions that support 32-bit computing. [5] [6] Within various programming language directives, IA-32 is still sometimes referred to as the "i386" architecture.
For example, the Solaris operating system does so for both SPARC and x86-64. On the Linux side, Debian also ships an ILP32 userspace. The underlying reason is the somewhat "more expensive" nature of LP64 code, [8] just like it has been shown for x86-64. In that regard, the x32 ABI extends the ILP32-on-64bit concept to the x86-64 platform.
An instruction set architecture (ISA) is an abstract model of a computer, also referred to as computer architecture.A realization of an ISA is called an implementation.An ISA permits multiple implementations that may vary in performance, physical size, and monetary cost (among other things); because the ISA serves as the interface between software and hardware.