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Iran, [a] [b] officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI) [c] and also known as Persia, [d] is a country in West Asia.It borders Turkey to the northwest and Iraq to the west, Azerbaijan, Armenia, the Caspian Sea, and Turkmenistan to the north, Afghanistan to the east, Pakistan to the southeast, the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf to the south.
Eastern Arabia was conquered early on. During Khosrow II's rule in 590–628, Egypt, Jordan, Palestine and Lebanon were also annexed to the Empire. The Sassanians called their empire Erânshahr ("Dominion of the Aryans", i.e., of Iranians). [66] A chapter of Iran's history followed after roughly six hundred years of conflict with the Roman Empire.
During the presidential term of John F. Kennedy, the United States saw Iran as an important ally in the region due to perceiving it as a rare source of stability in the Middle East. [ 17 ] On 12–16 October 1971, an elaborate set of celebrations and festivities for the 2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire occurred in commemoration of ...
The Islamic Republic of Iran is an Islamic theocracy headed by a Supreme Leader. Its constitution was approved in 1979 and amended in 1989. Jaafari school of thought is the official religion. Theocratic bodies supervise the government which has an elected president and elected governmental bodies at the national, provincial and local levels.
Due to Al-Mutawakkil (the 10th Abbasid caliph) administrative, financial and military policies, including excessive spending, instability of administrative officials and relocation of the capital to Samarra, as well as his religious turn to the Hanbali, the caliphate was weakened and with his assassination by Turk slaves in 861 CE, the ground for the decline of Abbasid power was provided.
The concept had previously been used in the form of Eranshahr, the official name of Iran under the Sasanian Empire (224–651), which promoted the concept of Iran as a protected political unit ruled by the state and with a distinct geographical region. Iran's loss of territory under the Qajars in the 19th century led to a new understanding of ...
The Guarded Domains of Iran, [a] alternatively the Sublime State of Iran [b] and commonly called Qajar Iran, Qajar Persia or the Qajar Empire, was the Iranian state [7] under the rule of the Qajar dynasty, which was of Oghuz Turkic origin, [8] [9] [10] specifically from the Qajar tribe, from 1789 to 1925.
The Islamization of Iran began with the Muslim conquest of Iran, when the Rashidun Caliphate annexed the Sasanian Empire. It was a long process by which Islam , though initially rejected, eventually spread among the Persians and the other Iranian peoples .