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In psychology, parallel processing is the ability of the brain to simultaneously process incoming stimuli of differing quality. [1] Parallel processing is associated with the visual system in that the brain divides what it sees into four components: color , motion , shape , and depth .
The second wave blossomed in the late 1980s, following a 1987 book about Parallel Distributed Processing by James L. McClelland, David E. Rumelhart et al., which introduced a couple of improvements to the simple perceptron idea, such as intermediate processors (now known as "hidden layers") alongside input and output units, and used a sigmoid ...
David Everett Rumelhart (June 12, 1942 – March 13, 2011) [1] was an American psychologist who made many contributions to the formal analysis of human cognition, working primarily within the frameworks of mathematical psychology, symbolic artificial intelligence, and parallel distributed processing.
TRACE was created during the formative period of connectionism, and was included as a chapter in Parallel Distributed Processing: Explorations in the Microstructures of Cognition. [3] The researchers found that certain problems regarding speech perception could be conceptualized in terms of a connectionist interactive activation model.
Parallel constraint satisfaction processes can be applied to three broad areas in social psychology: [1] Impression formation and causal attribution; Cognitive consistency; Goal-directed behavior. This approach revealed that some phenomena that seem unexpected or counterintuitive are in actuality due to the normal functioning of the cognitive ...
A further distinction is whether the architecture is centralized, with a neural correlate of a processor at its core, or decentralized (distributed). Decentralization has become popular under the name of parallel distributed processing in mid-1980s and connectionism, a prime example being the neural network.
Connectionist Learning with Adaptive Rule Induction On-line (CLARION) is a computational cognitive architecture that has been used to simulate many domains and tasks in cognitive psychology and social psychology, as well as implementing intelligent systems in artificial intelligence applications.
The lexical route is the process whereby skilled readers can recognize known words by sight alone, through a "dictionary" lookup procedure. [1] [4] According to this model, every word a reader has learned is represented in a mental database of words and their pronunciations that resembles a dictionary, or internal lexicon.