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Relationship of the atmosphere and ionosphere. The ionosphere (/ aɪ ˈ ɒ n ə ˌ s f ɪər /) [1] [2] is the ionized part of the upper atmosphere of Earth, from about 48 km (30 mi) to 965 km (600 mi) above sea level, [3] a region that includes the thermosphere and parts of the mesosphere and exosphere. The ionosphere is ionized by solar ...
Space weather effects. Space weather is a branch of space physics and aeronomy, or heliophysics, concerned with the varying conditions within the Solar System and its heliosphere. This includes the effects of the solar wind, especially on the Earth's magnetosphere, ionosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere. [1]
It is the international standard empirical model for the terrestrial ionosphere since 1999. For a specified geographic location, time, and date, IRI provides average monthly values for electron density, electron temperature and ion temperature, and the molecular composition of the ions in the range of altitudes from 50 km to 2000 km. [ 1 ] The ...
Whereas most climate models simulate a region of the Earth's atmosphere from the surface to the stratopause, [citation needed] there also exist numerical models which simulate the wind, temperature and composition of the Earth's tenuous upper atmosphere, from the mesosphere to the exosphere, including the ionosphere.
Here R is the mean Earth radius, H is the mean height of the ionosphere shell. The IPP or Ionospheric Pierce Point is the altitude in the ionosphere where electron density is greatest. [1] These points can change based on factors like time of day, solar activity, and geographical location, which all influence ionospheric conditions. [2]
The authors said that if a particular set of parameters is true, we should be able to observe a certain kind of dark matter within Earth’s ionosphere. That dark matter is not completely dark, as ...
SpaceX’s rocket explosion in November 2023 created a massive hole in the Earth's ionosphere, providing scientists with a rare opportunity to study its effects.
The global models are run at varying times into the future. The UKMET Unified model is run six days into the future, [41] the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts model is run out to 10 days into the future, [42] while the Global Forecast System model run by the Environmental Modeling Center is run 16 days into the future. [43]