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2. Collatz conjecture - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collatz_conjecture

   [7] Jeffrey Lagarias stated in 2010 that the Collatz conjecture "is an extraordinarily difficult problem, completely out of reach of present day mathematics". [8] However, though the Collatz conjecture itself remains open, efforts to solve the problem have led to new techniques and many partial results.

3. Bertrand's ballot theorem - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand's_ballot_theorem

   The variant problem can be solved by the reflection method in a similar way to the original problem. The number of possible vote sequences is ( p + q q ) {\displaystyle {\tbinom {p+q}{q}}} . Call a sequence "bad" if the second candidate is ever ahead, and if the number of bad sequences can be enumerated then the number of "good" sequences can ...

4. Continued fraction - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continued_fraction

   A finite regular continued fraction, where is a non-negative integer, is an integer, and is a positive integer, for . A continued fraction is a mathematical expression that can be writen as a fraction with a denominator that is a sum that contains another simple or continued fraction. Depending on whether this iteration terminates with a simple ...

5. Infinite monkey theorem - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite_monkey_theorem

   The infinite monkey theorem states that a monkey hitting keys at random on a typewriter keyboard for an infinite amount of time will almost surely type any given text, including the complete works of William Shakespeare. In fact, the monkey would almost surely type every possible finite text an infinite number of times.

6. Archimedes's cattle problem - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archimedes's_cattle_problem

   The second part of the problem states that + is a square number, and + is a triangular number. The general solution to this part of the problem was first found by A. Amthor [ 11 ] in 1880. The following version of it was described by H. W. Lenstra , [ 5 ] based on Pell's equation : the solution given above for the first part of the problem ...

7. Bernoulli distribution - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernoulli_distribution

   Probability theory. In probability theory and statistics, the Bernoulli distribution, named after Swiss mathematician Jacob Bernoulli, [1] is the discrete probability distribution of a random variable which takes the value 1 with probability and the value 0 with probability . Less formally, it can be thought of as a model for the set of ...

8. Gödel numbering - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gödel_numbering

   Gödel numbering. In mathematical logic, a Gödel numbering is a function that assigns to each symbol and well-formed formula of some formal language a unique natural number, called its Gödel number. The concept was developed by Kurt Gödel for the proof of his incompleteness theorems. (Gödel 1931)

9. Randomized algorithm - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randomized_algorithm

   A randomized algorithm is an algorithm that employs a degree of randomness as part of its logic or procedure. The algorithm typically uses uniformly random bits as an auxiliary input to guide its behavior, in the hope of achieving good performance in the "average case" over all possible choices of random determined by the random bits; thus either the running time, or the output (or both) are ...