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  2. The monkey and the coconuts - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_monkey_and_the_coconuts

    The monkey and the coconuts is the best known representative of a class of puzzle problems requiring integer solutions structured as recursive division or fractionating of some discretely divisible quantity, with or without remainders, and a final division into some number of equal parts, possibly with a remainder.

  3. Erdős–Straus conjecture - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erdős–Straus_conjecture

    The Erdős–Straus conjecture is one of many conjectures by Erdős, and one of many unsolved problems in mathematics concerning Diophantine equations. Although a solution is not known for all values of n, infinitely many values in certain infinite arithmetic progressions have simple formulas for their solution, and skipping these known values ...

  4. Collatz conjecture - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collatz_conjecture

    Closer to the Collatz problem is the following universally quantified problem: Given g, does the sequence of iterates g k (n) reach 1, for all n > 0? Modifying the condition in this way can make a problem either harder or easier to solve (intuitively, it is harder to justify a positive answer but might be easier to justify a negative one).

  5. Chinese remainder theorem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_remainder_theorem

    Sunzi's original formulation: x ≡ 2 (mod 3) ≡ 3 (mod 5) ≡ 2 (mod 7) with the solution x = 23 + 105k, with k an integer In mathematics, the Chinese remainder theorem states that if one knows the remainders of the Euclidean division of an integer n by several integers, then one can determine uniquely the remainder of the division of n by the product of these integers, under the condition ...

  6. Congruence relation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congruence_relation

    Congruence relation. In abstract algebra, a congruence relation (or simply congruence) is an equivalence relation on an algebraic structure (such as a group, ring, or vector space) that is compatible with the structure in the sense that algebraic operations done with equivalent elements will yield equivalent elements. [1]

  7. Modular arithmetic - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular_arithmetic

    The congruence relation is an equivalence relation. The equivalence class modulo m of an integer a is the set of all integers of the form a + k m, where k is any integer. It is called the congruence class or residue class of a modulo m, and may be denoted as (a mod m), or as a or [a] when the modulus m is known from the context.

  8. Wolstenholme's theorem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolstenholme's_theorem

    In mathematics, Wolstenholme's theorem states that for a prime number , the congruence. {\displaystyle {2p-1 \choose p-1}\equiv 1 {\pmod {p^ {3}}}} holds, where the parentheses denote a binomial coefficient. For example, with p = 7, this says that 1716 is one more than a multiple of 343. The theorem was first proved by Joseph Wolstenholme in 1862.

  9. Diophantine equation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diophantine_equation

    In the following Diophantine equations, w, x, y, and z are the unknowns and the other letters are given constants: a x + b y = c {\displaystyle ax+by=c} This is a linear Diophantine equation or Bézout's identity. w 3 + x 3 = y 3 + z 3 {\displaystyle w^ {3}+x^ {3}=y^ {3}+z^ {3}} The smallest nontrivial solution in positive integers is 123 + 13 ...

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