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Black knot occurs only on the woody parts of trees, primarily on twigs and branches, but can spread to larger limbs and even the trunk. Olive-green swellings from the disease are visible in the late spring; as it spreads and matures, typically by autumn, rough black knots circle and kill affected parts. The knots vary in diameter from one inch ...
Taphrina pruni is a fungal plant pathogen of blackthorn (Prunus spinosa) that causes the pocket or bladder plum gall, a chemically induced distortion of the fruit (sloes), producing swollen on one side, [1] otherwise deformed and flattened fruit gall without a stone. [2] The twigs on infected plants may also be deformed with small strap-shaped ...
The pathogen causes black spot of fruit, but can also be seen attacking the plant at its crowns, roots and leaves. [3] After planting, stunting and yellowing as well as wilting may occur. [4] General symptoms of the disease in other plants can also be seen on flowers, petioles, and roots. [5] Stems are also a prominent place to see symptoms.
The Drosophilidae are a diverse, cosmopolitan family of flies, which includes species called fruit flies, although they are more accurately referred to as vinegar or pomace flies. [1] Another distantly related family of flies, Tephritidae , are true fruit flies because they are frugivorous, and include apple maggot flies and many pests.
Fungal diseases; Alternaria spot and fruit rot Alternaria alternata: Armillaria crown and root rot (shoestring crown and root rot) Armillaria mellea Rhizomorpha subcorticalis [anamorph] Brown rot blossom and twig blight and fruit rot Monilinia fructicola Monilinia laxa. Ceratocystis canker Ceratocystis fimbriata: Cytospora canker Cytospora ...
Chloropidae are minute to small (1.0 to 4.0 mm), rarely medium-sized, flies (6.0 to 9.0 and 12 mm) They are either black, gray, yellow, or greenish and the mesonotum often has a pattern of three to five dark longitudinal stripes against a light-colored background. The head in profile is trapezoidal or triangular.
The flies are pool feeders. Their saliva, which contains anticoagulants, a number of enzymes and histamine, is mixed with the blood, preventing clotting until it is ingested by the fly. These bites cause localized tissue damage, and if the number of feeding flies is sufficient, their feeding may produce a blood-loss anaemia.
Black shank is a polycyclic soil borne disease, with the possibility of multiple disease cycles per growing season occurring from May to October. There are important structures this pathogen uses in its disease cycle. Chlamydospores are produced asexually and serve as long lived resting structures, surviving from four to six years. [8]