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Later, Milgram and other psychologists performed variations of the experiment throughout the world, with similar results. [13] Milgram later investigated the effect of the experiment's locale on obedience levels by holding an experiment in an unregistered, backstreet office in a bustling city, as opposed to at Yale, a respectable university.
One of Milgram's most famous works is a study of obedience and authority, which is widely known as the Milgram Experiment. [5] Milgram's earlier association with Pool and Kochen was the likely source of his interest in the increasing interconnectedness among human beings. Gurevich's interviews served as a basis for his small world experiments.
Professor Milgram, for his part, felt that such misgivings were traceable to the unsavory nature of his results: "Underlying the criticism of the experiment," Milgram wrote, "is an alternative model of human nature, one holding that when confronted with a choice between hurting others and complying with authority, normal people reject authority."
In 1963, Milgram published The Behavioral Study of Obedience [1] in the Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, which included a detailed record of the experiment. The record emphasized the tension the experiment brought to its participants, but also the extreme strength of the subjects' obedience: all participants had given electric shocks ...
Milgram continued Gurevich's experiments in acquaintanceship networks at Harvard University. Kochen and de Sola Pool's manuscript, Contacts and Influences, [8] was conceived while both were working at the University of Paris in the early 1950s, during a time when Milgram visited and collaborated in their research. Their unpublished manuscript ...
Both the Milgram and Stanford experiments were conducted in research settings. In 1966, psychiatrist Charles K. Hofling published the results of a field experiment on obedience in the nurse–physician relationship in its natural hospital setting. Nurses, unaware they were taking part in an experiment, were ordered by unknown doctors to ...
In addition, the experiment observed "socio-metric stars" who were recognized by a large portion of commuters. In qualitative interviews, commuters noted that they imagined what kinds of lives familiar strangers led and what kinds of jobs they held. Milgram described this as a "fantasy relationship that may never eventuate in action."
In Milgram's 18th variation of the experiment, the participants did not directly shock the learner and instead assisted a confederate in carrying out this responsibility by reciting the word-pair test to the student. [7] Experiment 18 yielded the obedience rate of Milgram's simulations, with 37 of the 40 participants continuing to the very end. [8]