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By 1966 there were seven spoil heaps, comprising approximately 2.6 million cu yd (2.0 million m 3) of waste. [8] [9] [a] Tips 4 and 5 were conical mounds at the apex of the slope, although Tip 4 was misshapen from an earlier slip; the remaining five were lower down; all were directly above the village. Tip 7 was the only one being used in 1966.
Richard Llewellyn's novel How Green Was My Valley (1939) describes the social and environmental effects of coal mining in Wales at the turn of the 20th century. The local mine's spoil tip, which he calls a slag heap, is the central figure of devastation. Eventually the pile overtakes the entire valley and crushes Huw Morgan's house:
In the 1966 Aberfan disaster in Wales, a colliery spoil tip collapsed, engulfing a school and killing 116 children and 28 adults. Other accidents involving coal waste include the Martin County coal slurry spill (US, 2000), the Kingston Fossil Plant coal fly ash slurry spill (US, 2008), and the Obed Mountain coal mine spill (Canada, 2013).
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Slag run-off from one of the open hearth furnaces of a steel mill, Republic Steel, Youngstown, Ohio, November 1941. Slag is drawn off the furnace just before the molten steel is poured into ladles for ingotting. There are three types of slag: ferrous, ferroalloy, non-ferrous slags, which are produced through different smelting processes.
The first step in the investigation of archaeometallurgical slag is the identification and macro-analysis of slag in the field. Physical properties of slag such as shape, colour, porosity and even smell are used to make a primary classification to ensure representative samples from slag heaps are obtained for future micro-analysis.
According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Wales has a warm-summer humid continental climate, abbreviated "Dfb" on climate maps.The hottest temperature recorded in Wales was 95 °F (35.0 °C) on July 10, 2020, and July 17, 2022, while the coldest temperature recorded was −19 °F (−28.3 °C) on December 13, 1988, and February 14–15, 2016.
The slag deposits are a by-product from NL Industries (formerly known as National Lead Company), a lead smelting company, dumping its wastes in the Raritan River. The New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP) investigated the area and found large concentrations of metals to be dangerous to human health.