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The term hemochromatosis was initially used to refer to what is now more specifically called hemochromatosis type 1 (or HFE-related hereditary hemochromatosis). Currently, hemochromatosis (without further specification) is mostly defined as iron overload with a hereditary or primary cause, [11] [12] or originating from a metabolic disorder. [13]
There are five types of hereditary hemochromatosis: type 1, 2 (2A, 2B), 3, 4 [9] and 5, [10] all caused by mutated genes. Hereditary hemochromatosis type 1 is the most frequent, and uniquely related to the HFE gene. It is most common among those of Northern European ancestry, in particular those of Celtic descent. [11]
They display only slight iron loading on a normal diet, but accumulates iron when fed a high-iron diet. [12] The probable cause of African iron overload is the combination of excess iron intake and functional changes in ferroportin. [4] [5] Penetrance of Q248H as a cause of iron overload is most likely low. [4] [11]
The gene involved with patients diagnosed with type 3 hemochromatosis is TFR2 ( or HFE3). HFE (not the same as HFE3) is most often the cause of hereditary hemochromatosis. [14] The HFE gene provides instructions for producing a protein that is located on the surface of cells, primarily liver and intestinal cells.
For instance, a severe form of iron overload, juvenile hemochromatosis, is a result of severe hepcidin deficiency. The majority of cases are caused by mutations in the hemojuvelin gene (HJV or RGMc/repulsive guidance molecule c). The exceptions, people who have mutations in the gene for ferroportin, prove the rule: these people have plenty of ...
People with increased amounts of iron, as, for example, in hemochromatosis, are more susceptible to some bacterial infections. [6] Although this mechanism is an elegant response to short-term bacterial infection, it can cause problems when it goes on so long that the body is deprived of needed iron for red cell production.
Tyramine is an amino acid found in some foods and can be part of a chain reaction that leads blood vessels in the head to narrow and dilate, which causes throbbing pain, according to the National ...
The most common symptoms of juvenile hemochromatosis are as follows: [2] [3] [4] Weakness; Lethargy; Hyperpigmentation (darkening of the skin) Arthropathy (joint disease) Diabetes; Heart disease (dilated cardiomyopathy). Complications of heart disease are the main cause of death in those with untreated hemochromatosis.