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As a syndrome of intense inflammation it needs to be differentiated from sepsis, which may be extremely challenging. [28] The diagnosis of acquired, or secondary, HLH is usually made in association with infection by viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites or in association with lymphoma, autoimmune disease, or metabolic disease.
In macrophages, the ability of phagocytosis is reduced and the M2 phenotype of macrophages (alternatively activated) is promoted. [13] Immunosenescence also results in increased production of some immune mediators, such as proinflammatory IL-6 [14] or IL-1. There may also be higher production of anti-inflammatory IL-10 or IL-4. [12]
Efferocytosis can be performed not only by 'professional' phagocytic cells such as macrophages or dendritic cells, but also by many other cell types including epithelial cells and fibroblasts. To distinguish them from living cells, apoptotic cells carry specific 'eat me' signals, such as the presence of phosphatidyl serine (resulting from ...
ICD or immunogenic apoptosis is a form of cell death resulting in a regulated activation of the immune response. This cell death is characterized by apoptotic morphology, [3] maintaining membrane integrity. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is generally recognised as a causative agent for ICD, with high production of reactive oxygen species ...
Pyroptosis is associated with diseases including autoinflammatory, metabolic, and cardiovascular diseases, as well as cancer and neurodegeneration. Some examples of pyroptosis include the cell death induced in Salmonella-infected macrophages and abortively HIV-infected T helper cells. [6] [7] [8]
ICD-10 is the 10th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD), a medical classification list by the World Health Organization (WHO). It contains codes for diseases, signs and symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances, and external causes of injury or diseases. [ 1 ]
Doss porphyria/ALA dehydratase deficiency/Plumboporphyria (the disease is known by multiple names) DPT Diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus: DRSP disease Drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae disease DS Down syndrome: DSPS Delayed sleep phase syndrome: DTs Delirium tremens: DVD Developmental verbal dyspraxia: DVT Deep vein thrombosis
Intestinal macrophages have been shown to play a role in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), such as Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). In a healthy gut, intestinal macrophages limit the inflammatory response in the gut, but in a disease-state, intestinal macrophage numbers and diversity are altered.