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The Faraday paradox or Faraday's paradox is any experiment in which Michael Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction appears to predict an incorrect result. The paradoxes fall into two classes: Faraday's law appears to predict that there will be zero electromotive force (EMF) but there is a non-zero EMF.
Faraday paradox (electrochemistry): Diluted nitric acid will corrode steel, while concentrated nitric acid will not. Levinthal paradox : The length of time that it takes for a protein chain to find its folded state is many orders of magnitude shorter than it would be if it freely searched all possible configurations.
The Faraday paradox was a once inexplicable aspect of the reaction between nitric acid and steel. Around 1830, the English scientist Michael Faraday found that diluted nitric acid would attack steel, but concentrated nitric acid would not. [1] The attempt to explain this discovery led to advances in electrochemistry.
Faraday explained electromagnetic induction using a concept he called lines of force. However, scientists at the time widely rejected his theoretical ideas, mainly because they were not formulated mathematically. [9] An exception was James Clerk Maxwell, who used Faraday's ideas as the basis of his quantitative electromagnetic theory.
In the following, Hering's paradox is first shown experimentally in a video and -- in a similar way as suggested by Grabinski -- it is shown, that when carefully treated with full mathematical consistency, the experiment does not contradict Faraday's Law of Induction. Finally, the typical pitfalls of applying Faraday's Law are mentioned.
For Faraday's first law, M, F, v are constants; thus, the larger the value of Q, the larger m will be. For Faraday's second law, Q, F, v are constants; thus, the larger the value of (equivalent weight), the larger m will be. In the simple case of constant-current electrolysis, Q = It, leading to
That means the paradox of different descriptions may be only semantic. A description that uses scalar and vector potentials φ and A instead of B and E avoids the semantical trap. A Lorentz-invariant four vector A α = (φ / c, A) replaces E and B [5] and provides a frame-independent description (albeit less visceral than the E– B ...
Faraday's law of induction was suggestive to Einstein when he wrote in 1905 about the "reciprocal electrodynamic action of a magnet and a conductor". [ 15 ] Nevertheless, the aspiration, reflected in references for this article, is for an analytic geometry of spacetime and charges providing a deductive route to forces and currents in practice.