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An example of a more complicated (although small enough to be written here) solution is the unique real root of x 5 − 5x + 12 = 0. Let a = √ 2φ −1, b = √ 2φ, and c = 4 √ 5, where φ = 1+ √ 5 / 2 is the golden ratio. Then the only real solution x = −1.84208... is given by
Given a function: from a set X (the domain) to a set Y (the codomain), the graph of the function is the set [4] = {(, ()):}, which is a subset of the Cartesian product.In the definition of a function in terms of set theory, it is common to identify a function with its graph, although, formally, a function is formed by the triple consisting of its domain, its codomain and its graph.
The artificial landscapes presented herein for single-objective optimization problems are taken from Bäck, [1] Haupt et al. [2] and from Rody Oldenhuis software. [3] Given the number of problems (55 in total), just a few are presented here. The test functions used to evaluate the algorithms for MOP were taken from Deb, [4] Binh et al. [5] and ...
The solution set for the equations x − y = −1 and 3x + y = 9 is the single point (2, 3). A solution of a linear system is an assignment of values to the variables ,, …, such that each of the equations is satisfied. The set of all possible solutions is called the solution set. [5]
One particular solution is x = 0, y = 0, z = 0. Two other solutions are x = 3, y = 6, z = 1, and x = 8, y = 9, z = 2. There is a unique plane in three-dimensional space which passes through the three points with these coordinates, and this plane is the set of all points whose coordinates are solutions of the equation.
Given two different points (x 1, y 1) and (x 2, y 2), there is exactly one line that passes through them. There are several ways to write a linear equation of this line. If x 1 ≠ x 2, the slope of the line is . Thus, a point-slope form is [3]
Given the curve y 2 = x 3 + bx + c over the field K (whose characteristic we assume to be neither 2 nor 3), and points P = (x P, y P) and Q = (x Q, y Q) on the curve, assume first that x P ≠ x Q (case 1). Let y = sx + d be the equation of the line that intersects P and Q, which has the following slope: =
All non-isomorphic graphs on 3 vertices and their chromatic polynomials, clockwise from the top. The independent 3-set: k 3. An edge and a single vertex: k 2 (k – 1). The 3-path: k(k – 1) 2. The 3-clique: k(k – 1)(k – 2). The chromatic polynomial is a graph polynomial studied in algebraic graph theory, a branch of mathematics.