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There is an epinephrine metered-dose inhaler sold over the counter in the United States to relieve bronchial asthma. [67] [68] It was introduced in 1963 by Armstrong Pharmaceuticals. [69] A common concentration for epinephrine is 2.25% w/v epinephrine in solution, which contains 22.5 mg/mL, while a 1% solution is typically used for aerosolization.
An epinephrine autoinjector (or adrenaline autoinjector, also known by the trademark EpiPen) is a medical device for injecting a measured dose or doses of epinephrine (adrenaline) by means of autoinjector technology. It is most often used for the treatment of anaphylaxis. The first epinephrine autoinjector was brought to market in 1983.
Racepinefrine (INN Tooltip International Nonproprietary Name, USAN Tooltip United States Adopted Name), or racepinephrine, sold under the brand name Vaponefrin among others, is a sympathomimetic medication described as a vasoconstrictor, bronchodilator, cardiostimulant, mydriatic, and antiglaucoma agent.
Notably, IN-001 achieved the FDA-cited 100 pg/mL plasma epinephrine concentration threshold within 9 minutes or less for both doses. The 100 pg/mL concentration is a target considered important to achieve hemodynamic stabilization and halt the progression of anaphylaxis.
The adrenal medulla is a major contributor to total circulating catecholamines (L-DOPA is at a higher concentration in the plasma), [24] though it contributes over 90% of circulating adrenaline. Little adrenaline is found in other tissues, mostly in scattered chromaffin cells and in a small number of neurons that use adrenaline as a ...
Epinephrine 1:1,000 for anaphylaxis and epinephrine 1:10,000 for cardiac arrest; Dextrose 50%, dextrose 25%, and glucagon for hypoglycemia; Naloxone for opioid overdoses; Nitrous oxide for pain management; Inhaled beta agonist medications (e.g. albuterol and ipratropium) for respiratory emergencies caused by asthma, COPD, etc. [3]
It triggers a series of responses after the body releases chemicals named noradrenaline and epinephrine. [1] These chemicals will act on adrenergic receptors , with subtypes Alpha-1 , Alpha-2 , Beta-1 , Beta-2 , Beta-3 , which ultimately allow the body to trigger a "fight-or-flight" response to handle external stress. [ 1 ]
The most common combination of agents used in tumescent anesthesia is lidocaine (0.05-0.10%) and epinephrine (1 ppm). [3] [4] [5] For lidocaine, total doses of 35 mg/kg [6] and 55 mg/kg [7] have been reported as reasonably safe high-end doses, in the context of liposuction.
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