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Modified-release dosage is a mechanism that (in contrast to immediate-release dosage) delivers a drug with a delay after its administration (delayed-release dosage) or for a prolonged period of time (extended-release [ER, XR, XL] dosage) or to a specific target in the body (targeted-release dosage). [1] Sustained-release dosage forms are dosage ...
He first introduced the idea of a prolonged drug release system as a means of constant rate delivery while experimenting with anesthetic gases and arterio-venous shunts on mice [4] This inspired the formation of a company called ALZA by a chemist named Alejandro Zaffaroni, whose primary focus was on the development of drug carrying systems that ...
Extended-release (or slow-release) formulations of morphine are those whose effect last substantially longer than bare morphine, availing for, e.g., one administration per day. Conversion between extended-release and immediate-release (or "regular") morphine is easier than conversion to or from an equianalgesic dose of another opioid with ...
Controlled or modified-release formulations alter the rate and timing at which a drug is liberated, in order to produce adequate or sustained drug concentrations. [28] The first controlled-release (CR) formulation that was developed was Dexedrine in the 1950s. [ 13 ]
Topical gels are commonly used as sustained release dosage forms. [ 5 ] [ 9 ] Usage of the sustained release dosage form reduces the administration of recurrent doses while maintaining serum dose levels at the therapeutic range (difference between toxic and therapeutic doses), hence improving patient compliance .
Metadate CD capsules contain two types of beads: 30% are immediate-release, and the other 70% are evenly sustained release. [187] Medikinet Retard/CR/Adult/Modified Release tablets are an extended-release oral capsule form of methylphenidate. It delivers 50% of the dosage as IR MPH and the remaining 50% in 3–4 hours. [188] [189]
Between 1950s and 1980s, there were four drug release systems developed for oral and transdermal applications: dissolution, diffusion, osmosis, and ion-exchange controlled release. [3] Later in the 1980s, the Lupron Depot technology further advanced the field by offering zero-order and long-term release systems. The intranasal route gained ...
Osmotic release systems have a number of major advantages over other controlled-release mechanisms. They are significantly less affected by factors such as pH, food intake, GI motility, and differing intestinal environments. Using an osmotic pump to deliver drugs has additional inherent advantages regarding control over drug delivery rates.