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Grains are used worldwide for measuring gunpowder and smokeless powder charges. Historically, the dram ( 27 + 11 ⁄ 32 grains; not to be mixed up with the apothecaries' dram of 60 grains) has also been used worldwide for measuring gunpowder charges, particularly for shotguns and large black-powder rifles .
The grain is the traditional measurement of the weight of bullets, black powder and smokeless powder in English-speaking countries. It is the unit measured by the scales used in handloading; commonly, bullets are measured in increments of one grain, gunpowder in increments of 0.1 grains. [12] There are 7,000 grains in one pound.
In the United States, gunpowder grains were designated F (for fine) or C (for coarse). Grain diameter decreased with a larger number of Fs and increased with a larger number of Cs, ranging from about 2 mm (1 ⁄ 16 in) for 7F to 15 mm (9 ⁄ 16 in) for 7C. Even larger grains were produced for artillery bore diameters greater than about 17 cm (6 ...
Trema orientale (sometimes Trema orientalis) is a species of flowering tree in the hemp family, Cannabaceae. [2] [4] [5] [6] It is known by many common names, including charcoal-tree, [6] Indian charcoal-tree, [6] pigeon wood, [7] Oriental trema, [8] and in Hawaii, where it has become naturalized, gunpowder tree, [9] or nalita. [10]
It turns out that instead of measuring scattered energy versus angle, as with light, in the case of ultrasound, measuring the transmitted energy versus frequency is a better choice. The resulting ultrasound attenuation frequency spectra are the raw data for calculating particle size distribution.
The grain was the legal foundation of traditional English weight systems, [5] and is the only unit that is equal throughout the troy, avoirdupois, and apothecaries' systems of mass. [6]: C-6 The unit was based on the weight of a single grain of barley which was equal to about + 4 ⁄ 3 the weight of a single grain of wheat.
Wartime production included large cast hexagonal powder grains for Rodman guns; and an 8-inch (20 cm) Columbiad was installed at Gambo to test this specialized powder. Production increased to 1250 tons per year [ 8 ] as accidental explosions killed one employee on 8 July 1861, three on 7 July 1862, and another on 14 November 1863. [ 5 ]
These powder measures typically use gravity feed from a hopper of powder above an adjustable cavity in a rotating cylinder. [3] A lever rotates the cylinder so the cavity moves between an upward position where powder can drain from the hopper into the cavity, and a lower position where the powder can drain from the cavity into an empty ...