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In aeronautics, the load factor is the ratio of the lift of an aircraft to its weight [1] [2]: § 5.22 and represents a global measure of the stress ("load") to which the structure of the aircraft is subjected:
In these equations, g 0, M and R * are each single-valued constants, while ρ, L, T and h are multi-valued constants in accordance with the table below. The values used for M, g 0 and R * are in accordance with the U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1976, and that the value for R * in particular does not agree with standard values for this constant. [2]
5.2 g: Formula One car, maximum under heavy braking [28] 6.3 g: Tower Of Terror, highest g-force steel rollercoaster 6.3 g: Formula One car, peak lateral in turns [29] 6–6.5 g: Standard, full aerobatics certified glider +7/−5 g: Apollo 16 on reentry [30] 7.19 g: Maximum permitted g-force in Sukhoi Su-27 plane 9 g
The body rate r is made up of the rate of change of sideslip angle and the rate of turn. Taking the latter as zero, assuming no effect on the trajectory, for the limited purpose of studying the Dutch roll: = The yaw and roll equations, with the stability derivatives become:
The terminal speed of an object changes due to the properties of the fluid, the mass of the object and its projected cross-sectional surface area. Air density increases with decreasing altitude, at about 1% per 80 metres (260 ft) (see barometric formula). For objects falling through the atmosphere, for every 160 metres (520 ft) of fall, the ...
When a hovering rotor is near the ground the downward flow of air through the rotor is reduced to zero at the ground. This condition is transferred up to the disc through pressure changes in the wake which decreases the inflow to the rotor for a given disc loading, which is rotor thrust for each square foot of its area.
Using the integral form of Gauss's Law, this formula can be extended to any pair of objects of which one is far more massive than the other — like a planet relative to any man-scale artifact. The distances between planets and between the planets and the Sun are (by many orders of magnitude) larger than the sizes of the sun and the planets.
This term dominates the low-speed side of the graph of lift versus velocity. Drag curve for light aircraft. The tangent gives the maximum L/D point. Form drag is caused by movement of the body through air. This type of drag, known also as air resistance or profile drag varies with the square of speed (see drag equation). For this reason profile ...