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Injuries to the base of the skull can damage nerves that emerge directly from the brain (cranial nerves). Cranial nerve damage may result in: Paralysis of facial muscles; Damage to the nerves responsible for eye movements, which can cause double vision; Damage to the nerves that provide sense of smell; Loss of vision; Loss of facial sensation
Surgery may be performed to seal a CSF leak that does not stop, to relieve pressure on a cranial nerve or repair injury to a blood vessel. [1] Prophylactic antibiotics do not provide a clinical benefit in preventing meningitis. [2] [3] A basilar skull fracture occurs in about 12% of people with a severe head injury. [1]
Cranial CSF leaks result from intracranial hypertension in the vast majority of cases. The increased pressure causes a rupture of the cranial dura mater, leading to a CSF leak and intracranial hypotension. [46] [47] Patients with a nude nerve root, where the root sleeve is absent, are at increased risk for developing recurrent CSF leaks. [48]
Other obvious symptoms can be neurological in nature. The person may become sleepy, behave abnormally, lose consciousness, vomit, develop a severe headache, have mismatched pupil sizes, and/or be unable to move certain parts of the body. While these symptoms happen immediately after a head injury occurs, many problems can develop later in life.
Brain injury; Other names: Brain damage, neurotrauma: A CT of the head years after a traumatic brain injury showing an empty space where the damage occurred, marked by the arrow: Specialty: Neurology: Symptoms: Depending on brain area injured: Types: Acquired brain injury (ABI), traumatic brain injury (TBI), focal or diffuse, primary and secondary
Closed-head injuries are caused primarily by vehicular accidents, falls, acts of violence, and sports injuries. [4] Falls account for 35.2% of brain injuries in the United States, with rates highest for children ages 0–4 years and adults ages 75 years and older. [3] Head injuries are more common in men than women across every age group. [3]
A concussion, also known as a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), is a head injury that temporarily affects brain functioning. [8] Symptoms may include headache, dizziness, difficulty with thinking and concentration, sleep disturbances, mood changes, a brief period of memory loss, brief loss of consciousness; problems with balance; nausea; blurred vision; and mood changes.
Traumatic brain injury is defined as damage to the brain resulting from external mechanical force, such as rapid acceleration or deceleration, impact, blast waves, or penetration by a projectile. [10] Brain function is temporarily or permanently impaired and structural damage may or may not be detectable with current technology. [11]