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Elicitor. In plant biology, elicitors are extrinsic or foreign molecules often associated with plant pests, diseases or synergistic organisms. Elicitor molecules can attach to special receptor proteins located on plant cell membranes. These receptors are able to recognize the molecular pattern of elicitors and trigger intracellular defence ...
Utterance being spoken. In spoken language analysis, an utterance is a continuous piece of speech, by one person, before or after which there is silence on the part of the person. [1] In the case of oral languages, it is generally, but not always, bounded by silence. Utterances do not exist in written language; only their representations do.
Sonification. Sonification is the use of non-speech audio to convey information or perceptualize data. [1] Auditory perception has advantages in temporal, spatial, amplitude, and frequency resolution that open possibilities as an alternative or complement to visualization techniques. For example, the rate of clicking of a Geiger counter conveys ...
Onomatopoeia (or rarely echoism) [1] is a type of word, or the process of creating a word, that phonetically imitates, resembles, or suggests the sound that it describes. Common onomatopoeias include animal noises such as oink, meow, roar, and chirp. Onomatopoeia can differ by language: it conforms to some extent to the broader linguistic system.
Psychoacoustics. Psychoacoustics is the branch of psychophysics involving the scientific study of sound perception and audiology —how the human auditory system perceives various sounds. More specifically, it is the branch of science studying the psychological responses associated with sound (including noise, speech, and music ).
English Pronouncing Dictionary. The English Pronouncing Dictionary ( EPD) was created by the British phonetician Daniel Jones and was first published in 1917. [1] It originally comprised over 50,000 headwords listed in their spelling form, each of which was given one or more pronunciations transcribed using a set of phonemic symbols based on a ...
High-resolution audio. High-resolution audio ( high-definition audio or HD audio) is a term for audio files with greater than 44.1 kHz sample rate or higher than 16-bit audio bit depth. It commonly refers to 96 or 192 kHz sample rates. However, 44.1 kHz/24-bit, 48 kHz/24-bit and 88.2 kHz/24-bit recordings also exist that are labeled HD Audio.
MP3 (formally MPEG-1 Audio Layer III or MPEG-2 Audio Layer III) [4] is a coding format for digital audio developed largely by the Fraunhofer Society in Germany under the lead of Karlheinz Brandenburg, [11] [12] with support from other digital scientists in other countries.