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By default, a Pandas index is a series of integers ascending from 0, similar to the indices of Python arrays. However, indices can use any NumPy data type, including floating point, timestamps, or strings. [4]: 112 Pandas' syntax for mapping index values to relevant data is the same syntax Python uses to map dictionary keys to values.
Pearson's correlation coefficient is the covariance of the two variables divided by the product of their standard deviations. The form of the definition involves a "product moment", that is, the mean (the first moment about the origin) of the product of the mean-adjusted random variables; hence the modifier product-moment in the name.
The correlation ratio, entropy-based mutual information, total correlation, dual total correlation and polychoric correlation are all also capable of detecting more general dependencies, as is consideration of the copula between them, while the coefficient of determination generalizes the correlation coefficient to multiple regression.
Chain linking is a statistical method, defined by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development as: . Joining together two indices that overlap in one period by rescaling one of them to make its value equal to that of the other in the same period, thus combining them into single time series.
Data analyses in Origin include statistics, signal processing, curve fitting and peak analysis. Origin's curve fitting is performed by a nonlinear least squares fitter which is based on the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm. Origin imports data files in various formats such as ASCII text, Excel, NI TDM, DIADem, NetCDF, SPC, etc.
Data-driven programming is similar to event-driven programming, in that both are structured as pattern matching and resulting processing, and are usually implemented by a main loop, though they are typically applied to different domains.
The following example uses data from Chambers et al. [17] on daily readings of ozone for May 1 to September 30, 1973, in New York City. The data are in the R data set airquality, and the analysis is included in the documentation for the R function kruskal.test.
A balanced panel (e.g., the first dataset above) is a dataset in which each panel member (i.e., person) is observed every year. Consequently, if a balanced panel contains N {\displaystyle N} panel members and T {\displaystyle T} periods, the number of observations ( n {\displaystyle n} ) in the dataset is necessarily n = N ⋅ T {\displaystyle ...