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Four-point measurement of resistance between voltage sense connections 2 and 3. Current is supplied via force connections 1 and 4. In electrical engineering, four-terminal sensing (4T sensing), 4-wire sensing, or 4-point probes method is an electrical impedance measuring technique that uses separate pairs of current-carrying and voltage-sensing electrodes to make more accurate measurements ...
Internet of things devices also have access to new areas of data, and can often control physical devices, [273] so that even by 2014 it was possible to say that many Internet-connected appliances could already "spy on people in their own homes" including televisions, kitchen appliances, [274] cameras, and thermostats. [275]
As of 2016, other real-world applications include incorporating smart LEDs to direct shoppers to empty parking spaces or highlight shifting traffic patterns, using sensors on water purifiers to alert managers via computer or smartphone when to replace parts, attaching RFID tags to safety gear to track personnel and ensure their safety ...
DF-1 - used by Allen-Bradley ControlLogix, CompactLogix, PLC-5, SLC-500, and MicroLogix class devices; DNP3 - a protocol used to communicate by industrial control and utility SCADA systems; DirectNet – Koyo / Automation Direct proprietary, yet documented PLC interface; EtherCAT; Ethernet Global Data (EGD) – GE Fanuc PLCs (see also SRTP)
During the design stage, the diagram also provides the basis for the development of system control schemes, allowing for further safety and operational investigations, such as a Hazard and operability study (HAZOP). To do this, it is critical to demonstrate the physical sequence of equipment and systems, as well as how these systems connect.
The communication electronics and participants with low power requirements, like light beams, can be powered directly. Consumers with a higher energy requirement, such as valve terminals, can use a separate, usually black flat cable for power supply (30 V). The sensors or actuators are often connected via the so-called piercing technology.
A DCS control room where plant information and controls are displayed on computer graphics screens. The operators are seated as they can view and control any part of the process from their screens, whilst retaining a plant overview. Process control of large industrial plants has evolved through many stages. Initially, control was from panels ...
KNX devices are commonly connected by a twisted pair bus and can be modified from a controller. The bus is routed in parallel to the electrical power supply to all devices and systems on the network linking: [4] Sensors (e.g. push buttons, thermostats, anemometers, movement) gather information and send it on the bus as a data telegram;