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Kidney stone disease, also known as renal calculus disease, nephrolithiasis or urolithiasis, is a crystallopathy where a solid piece of material (renal calculus) develops in the urinary tract. [2] Renal calculi typically form in the kidney and leave the body in the urine stream. [2] A small calculus may pass without causing symptoms. [2]
Oxalis pes-caprae, commonly known as African wood-sorrel, Bermuda buttercup, Bermuda sorrel, buttercup oxalis, Cape sorrel, English weed, goat's-foot, sourgrass, soursob or soursop; Afrikaans: suring; Arabic: hommayda (حميضة), [2] is a species of tristylous yellow-flowering plant in the wood sorrel family Oxalidaceae.
An artistic depiction of a goat licking a criminal's foot as a form of torture, from a torture museum in Germany.. The goat's tongue is a method of torture which may or may not have been practiced in medieval Europe, whereby a goat would lick the feet of a victim whose soles were previously drenched in saltwater, supposedly causing the peeling of skin. [1]
A number of important medical conditions are caused by stones: [citation needed] Nephrolithiasis (kidney stones) Can cause hydronephrosis (swollen kidneys) and kidney failure; Can predispose to pyelonephritis (kidney infections) Can progress to urolithiasis; Urolithiasis (urinary bladder stones) Can progress to bladder outlet obstruction
Cases of recurrent kidney stone formation may warrant evaluation for possible underlying metabolic abnormalities. [ 8 ] In patients with low levels of citrate in the urine (hypocitraturia) and incomplete distal renal tubular acidosis , treatment with potassium citrate helps prevent the formation of new kidney stones. [ 8 ]
Lithotomy from Greek for "lithos" and "tomos" (), is a surgical method for removal of calculi, stones formed inside certain organs, such as the urinary tract (kidney stones), bladder (bladder stones), and gallbladder (), that cannot exit naturally through the urinary system or biliary tract.
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Some animals also develop foot lesions, beginning with coronitis, with consequent lameness. In sheep, this can lead to knee-walking. In cattle, constant changing of position of the feet gives bluetongue the nickname the dancing disease. [12] Torsion of the neck (opisthotonos or torticollis) is observed in severely affected animals.