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Reviews of research on these dimensions are described in Stogdill's Handbook of leadership: A survey of theory and research and Littrell's Explicit leader behaviour. According to the findings of these studies, leaders exhibit two types of behaviors to facilitate goal accomplishment: People-oriented (consideration) Task oriented (initiating ...
The downside of relationship-oriented leadership is that, if taken too far, the development of team chemistry may detract from the actual tasks and goals at hand. The term "people-oriented" is used synonymously, whilst in a business setting, this approach may also be referred to as "employee-oriented". [2]
A high LPC score suggests that the leader has a "human relations orientation", while a low LPC score indicates a "task orientation". Fiedler assumes that everybody's least preferred coworker in fact is on average about equally unpleasant, but people who are relationship-motivated tend to describe their least preferred coworkers in a more positive manner, e.g., more pleasant and more efficient.
They also identified three critical characteristics of effective leaders – task-oriented behavior, relationship-oriented behavior and participative leadership. [2] The studies concluded that an employee orientation rather than a production orientation, coupled with general instead of close supervision, led to better results.
Samuel Gompers (1850–1924), labor leader, founder and first president of the American Federation of Labor; Jane Addams (1860–1935), social worker and activist; W.E.B. DuBois (1868–1963), Black leader [35] [better source needed] [dubious – discuss] William Monroe Trotter (1872–1934), civil rights leader and founder of the Boston ...
Functional leadership theory (Hackman & Walton, 1986; McGrath, 1962) is a theory for addressing specific leader behaviors expected to contribute to organizational or unit effectiveness. This theory argues that the leader's main job is to see that whatever is necessary to group needs is taken care of; thus, a leader can be said to have done ...
Goebel, Thomas. "The political economy of American populism from Jackson to the New Deal". Studies in American Political Development 11.1 (1997): 109–148. McMath, Robert C. American populism: A social history, 1877–1898 (1993). Mudde, Cas. The relationship between immigration and nativism in Europe and North America (Washington press, 2012 ...
The main liberal organizations included the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), [151] the American Jewish Congress (AJC), the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), the Leadership Conference on Civil Rights (LCCR), the National Committee for an Effective Congress (NCEC) and the Americans for Democratic Action (ADA).