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C# extends the number of them to six, [2] while Java has four access modifiers, but three keywords for this purpose. In Java, having no keyword before defaults to the package-private modifier. When the class is declared as public, it is accessible to other classes defined in the same package as well as those defined in other packages.
an input/output stream that wraps a file stream buffer. Provides functions to open or close a file in addition to those of generic input/output stream fstream – operates on characters of type char; wfstream – operates on characters of type wchar_t; basic_stringstream: an input/output stream that wraps a string stream buffer.
However, it is possible to write a user-defined function which the user tells the compiler if a value is of a certain type of not. Such a function is called type guard , and is declared with a return type of x is Type , where x is a parameter or this , in place of boolean .
C# 2.0 and later allows splitting a class definition into several files by using the partial keyword in the source code. In Java, a public class will always be in its own source file. In C#, source code files and logical units separation are not tightly related.
Standard input is a stream from which a program reads its input data. The program requests data transfers by use of the read operation. Not all programs require stream input. For example, the dir and ls programs (which display file names contained in a directory) may take command-line arguments, but perform their operations without any stream ...
A helper function is a function which groups parts of computation by assigning descriptive names and allowing for the reuse of the computations. [6] Although not all wrappers are helper functions, all helper functions are wrappers, and a notable use of helper functions—grouping frequently utilized operations—is in dynamic binary translation, in which helper functions of a particular ...
C++/CLI allows C++ programs to consume C# programs in C# DLLs. [2] Here the #using keyword shows the compiler where the DLL is located for its compilation metadata. This simple example requires no data marshalling .
The fluflu annotation processor enables the creation of a fluent API using Java annotations. The JaQue library enables Java 8 Lambdas to be represented as objects in the form of expression trees at runtime, making it possible to create type-safe fluent interfaces, i.e., instead of: