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The TAG flash point tester adheres to ASTM D56 and has no stirrer, while the Abel flash point testers adheres to IP 170 and ISO 13736 and has a stirring motor so the sample is stirred during testing. The flash point is an empirical measurement rather than a fundamental physical parameter.
Rapidly Attachable Fluid Transfer Interface (RAFTI) is a standard interface developed by Orbit Fab for transferring fluids, e.g., propellants, in space. [1] It has been defined by a group of 30 companies. The interface specification has high and low pressure variants, both for operation between -40 °C and 120 °C. [2]
A relatively fast fluid velocity (10–30 m/s) [2] is usually required in FR operations to encourage a continuous particle distribution throughout the reactor's vessel. . This minimizes the column's slip velocity (average velocity difference of different fluids in a pipe), providing a positive impact on heat and mass transfer rates and allowing for the use of smaller diameter vessels which can ...
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The Fay-Riddell equation is a fundamental relation in the fields of aerospace engineering and hypersonic flow, which provides a method to estimate the stagnation point heat transfer rate on a blunt body moving at hypersonic speeds in dissociated air. [1]
Water is the most common heat transfer fluid because of its economy, high heat capacity and favorable transport properties. However, the useful temperature range is restricted by freezing below 0 °C and boiling at elevated temperatures depending on the system pressure.
A good diffusion fluid must therefore reflect low vapor pressure, high flash point, high thermal and oxidative stability and chemical resistance. If the diffusion pump is operating in the proximity of ionizing radiation source, good radiation stability is also desired.
Convective heat transfer, or simply, convection, is the transfer of heat from one place to another by the movement of fluids, a process that is essentially the transfer of heat via mass transfer. The bulk motion of fluid enhances heat transfer in many physical situations, such as between a solid surface and the fluid. [10]