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Artificial intelligence (AI), in its broadest sense, is intelligence exhibited by machines, particularly computer systems.It is a field of research in computer science that develops and studies methods and software that enable machines to perceive their environment and use learning and intelligence to take actions that maximize their chances of achieving defined goals. [1]
Book cover of the 1979 paperback edition. Hubert Dreyfus was a critic of artificial intelligence research. In a series of papers and books, including Alchemy and AI, What Computers Can't Do (1972; 1979; 1992) and Mind over Machine, he presented a pessimistic assessment of AI's progress and a critique of the philosophical foundations of the field.
Since human behavior and intelligent behavior are not exactly the same thing, the test fails to measure intelligence. Stuart J. Russell and Peter Norvig write that "aeronautical engineering texts do not define the goal of their field as 'making machines that fly so exactly like pigeons that they can fool other pigeons'". [17]
Mitchell describes the fears her mentor, cognitive scientist and AI pioneer Douglas Hofstadter, has expressed that advances of artificial intelligence could turn human beings into "relics". [4] Mitchell offers examples of AI systems like Watson that are trained to master specific tasks, and points out that such computers lack the general ...
The letter highlights both the positive and negative effects of artificial intelligence. [7] According to Bloomberg Business, Professor Max Tegmark of MIT circulated the letter in order to find common ground between signatories who consider super intelligent AI a significant existential risk, and signatories such as Professor Oren Etzioni, who believe the AI field was being "impugned" by a one ...
When posed a question, they are able to think about their response “like a person would”, it said, allowing them to “refine their thinking process, try different strategies and recognise ...
Its programmers, despite being on a deadline, solved quasi-philosophical problems that had seemed to some intractable, and created an AI with the following goal: to use its superintelligence to figure out what human utopia looks like by analyzing human behavior, human brains, and human genes; and then, to implement that utopia.
Artificial general intelligence (AGI) is typically defined as a system that performs at least as well as humans in most or all intellectual tasks. [42] A 2022 survey of AI researchers found that 90% of respondents expected AGI would be achieved in the next 100 years, and half expected the same by 2061. [43]
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