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The relationship between some gut microbiota and humans is not merely commensal (a non-harmful coexistence), but rather a mutualistic relationship. [5]: 700 Some human gut microorganisms benefit the host by fermenting dietary fiber into short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), such as acetic acid and butyric acid, which are then absorbed by the host.
Beneficial microorganisms include bacteria that fix nitrogen, various microbes that promote plant growth, mycorrhizal fungi, mycoparasitic fungi, protozoa, and certain biocontrol microorganisms. [1] Pathogenic microorganisms can also include certain bacteria, fungi, and nematodes that can colonize the rhizosphere.
Humans are home to 10 13 to 10 14 bacteria, roughly equivalent to the number of human cells, [2] and while these bacteria can be pathogenic to their host most of them are mutually beneficial to both the host and bacteria. The human immune system consists of two main types of immunity: innate and adaptive.
Prebiotics are compounds in food that foster growth or activity of beneficial microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. [1] The most common environment concerning their effects on human health is the gastrointestinal tract, where prebiotics can alter the composition of organisms in the gut microbiome.
Some strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) may affect Helicobacter pylori infections (which may cause peptic ulcers) in adults when used in combination with standard medical treatments, but no standard in medical practice or regulatory approval exists for such treatment. [115]
“However,“ he added, “in certain situations — such as when antibiotics disrupt the microbiome diversity and gut’s balance of bacteria — K. pneumoniae, being antibiotic-resistant, can ...
Some species of bacteria kill and then consume other microorganisms; these species are called predatory bacteria. [199] These include organisms such as Myxococcus xanthus , which forms swarms of cells that kill and digest any bacteria they encounter. [ 200 ]
Pathogenic bacteria are bacteria that can cause disease. [1] This article focuses on the bacteria that are pathogenic to humans. Most species of bacteria are harmless and are often beneficial but others can cause infectious diseases. The number of these pathogenic species in humans is estimated to be fewer than a hundred. [2]
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