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A two-vector or bivector [1] is a tensor of type () and it is the dual of a two-form, meaning that it is a linear functional which maps two-forms to the real numbers (or more generally, to scalars). The tensor product of a pair of vectors is a two-vector.
A free object on X is a pair consisting of an object in C and an injection : (called the canonical injection), that satisfies the following universal property: For any object B in C and any map between sets g : X → U ( B ) {\displaystyle g:X\to U(B)} , there exists a unique morphism f : A → B {\displaystyle f:A\to B} in C such that g = U ...
Ordered pairs of scalars are sometimes called 2-dimensional vectors. (Technically, this is an abuse of terminology since an ordered pair need not be an element of a vector space.) The entries of an ordered pair can be other ordered pairs, enabling the recursive definition of ordered n-tuples (ordered lists of n objects).
A free vector is a vector quantity having an undefined support or region of application; it can be freely translated with no consequences; a displacement vector is a prototypical example of free vector. Aside from the notion of units and support, physical vector quantities may also differ from Euclidean vectors in terms of metric.
In linear algebra, given a vector space with a basis of vectors indexed by an index set (the cardinality of is the dimension of ), the dual set of is a set of vectors in the dual space with the same index set such that and form a biorthogonal system.
Since the vector term of the vector bivector product the name dot product is zero when the vector is perpendicular to the plane (bivector), and this vector, bivector "dot product" selects only the components that are in the plane, so in analogy to the vector-vector dot product this name itself is justified by more than the fact this is the non ...
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GF(2) can be identified with the field of the integers modulo 2, that is, the quotient ring of the ring of integers Z by the ideal 2Z of all even numbers: GF(2) = Z/2Z. Notations Z 2 and Z 2 {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} _{2}} may be encountered although they can be confused with the notation of 2 -adic integers .