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In computer operating systems, memory paging is a memory management scheme that eliminates the need for contiguous memory allocation. [1] [2] It is often combined with memory swapping, a technique where parts of a process can be swapped out of memory to secondary storage in order to allow the size of the physical address space to exceed the physical memory of the system.
A system with a smaller page size uses more pages, requiring a page table that occupies more space. For example, if a 2 32 virtual address space is mapped to 4 KiB (2 12 bytes) pages, the number of virtual pages is 2 20 = (2 32 / 2 12). However, if the page size is increased to 32 KiB (2 15 bytes), only 2 17 pages are required. A multi-level ...
PageDefrag is a program, developed by Sysinternals (now distributed by Microsoft), for Microsoft Windows that runs at start-up to defragment the virtual memory page file, the registry files and the Event Viewer's logs (files such as AppEvent.Evt, SysEvent.Evt, SecEvent.Evt and so on).
This is divided into 1024 four-byte page directory entries that in turn, if valid, hold the page-aligned physical addresses of page tables, each 4 KB in size. These similarly consist of 1024 four-byte page table entries which, if valid, hold the page-aligned physical addresses of 4 KB long pages of physical memory (RAM).
When this happens the page needs to be taken from disk and put back into physical memory. A similar mechanism is used for memory-mapped files, which are mapped to virtual memory and loaded to physical memory on demand. When physical memory is not full this is a simple operation; the page is written back into physical memory, the page table and ...
Pages in the page cache modified after being brought in are called dirty pages. [5] Since non-dirty pages in the page cache have identical copies in secondary storage (e.g. hard disk drive or solid-state drive), discarding and reusing their space is much quicker than paging out application memory, and is often preferred over flushing the dirty pages into secondary storage and reusing their space.
Intel 5-level paging, referred to simply as 5-level paging in Intel documents, is a processor extension for the x86-64 line of processors. [1]: 11 It extends the size of virtual addresses from 48 bits to 57 bits by adding an additional level to x86-64's multilevel page tables, increasing the addressable virtual memory from 256 TiB to 128 PiB.
The new IoT Enterprise LTSC edition lowers the minimum required RAM to 2 GB, and storage space to 16 GB. [7] [11] ARMv8.1 is now required for ARM variants, dropping unofficial support for ARMv8.0. [12] On ARMv8.0 CPUs, the Windows kernel is unbootable. ARM variants drop support for 32-bit ARM applications. [13] Only 64-bit ARM applications will ...