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The beta of a plasma, symbolized by β, is the ratio of the plasma pressure (p = n k B T) to the magnetic pressure (p mag = B 2 /2μ 0).The term is commonly used in studies of the Sun and Earth's magnetic field, and in the field of fusion power designs.
[1]: 117 The formula above is known as the Langevin paramagnetic equation. Pierre Curie found an approximation to this law that applies to the relatively high temperatures and low magnetic fields used in his experiments. As temperature increases and magnetic field decreases, the argument of the hyperbolic tangent decreases.
In the adiabatic limit, that is, the assumption of an isotropic pressure and isotropic temperature, a fluid with an adiabatic index, electrical resistivity, magnetic field , and electric field can be described by the continuous equation
A transport equation, usually of heat (sometimes of light element concentration): = + where T is temperature, = / is the thermal diffusivity with k thermal conductivity, heat capacity, and density, and is an optional heat source. Often the pressure is the dynamic pressure, with the hydrostatic pressure and centripetal potential removed.
The ring current system consists of a band, at a distance of 3 to 8 R E, [1] which lies in the equatorial plane and circulates clockwise around the Earth (when viewed from the north). The particles of this region produce a magnetic field in opposition to the Earth's magnetic field and so an Earthly observer would observe a decrease in the ...
In order to incorporate magnetic systems into the first law of thermodynamics, it is necessary to formulate the concept of magnetic work.The magnetic contribution to the quasi-static work done by an arbitrary magnetic system is [1]
where C is a material-specific Curie constant, T is the absolute temperature, and T C is the Curie temperature, both measured in kelvin. The law predicts a singularity in the susceptibility at T = T C. Below this temperature, the ferromagnet has a spontaneous magnetization. The name is given after Pierre Curie and Pierre Weiss.
The heliospheric current sheet, or interplanetary current sheet, is a surface separating regions of the heliosphere where the interplanetary magnetic field points toward and away from the Sun. [1] A small electrical current with a current density of about 10 −10 A /m 2 flows within this surface, forming a current sheet confined to this surface.