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  2. Nucleic acid thermodynamics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic_acid_thermodynamics

    Nucleic acid thermodynamics is the study of how temperature affects the nucleic acid structure of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). The melting temperature (Tm) is defined as the temperature at which half of the DNA strands are in the random coil or single-stranded (ssDNA) state. Tm depends on the length of the DNA molecule and its specific ...

  3. Denaturation (biochemistry) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denaturation_(biochemistry)

    In biochemistry, denaturation is a process in which proteins or nucleic acids lose folded structure present in their native state due to various factors, including application of some external stress or compound, such as a strong acid or base, a concentrated inorganic salt, an organic solvent (e.g., alcohol or chloroform), agitation and radiation, or heat. [3]

  4. Equilibrium unfolding - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equilibrium_unfolding

    Equilibrium unfolding. In biochemistry, equilibrium unfolding is the process of unfolding a protein or RNA molecule by gradually changing its environment, such as by changing the temperature or pressure, pH, adding chemical denaturants, or applying force as with an atomic force microscope tip. [1][2] If the equilibrium was maintained at all ...

  5. Salt bridge (protein and supramolecular) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_bridge_(protein_and...

    Once the mutants have been established, two methods can be employed to calculate the free energy associated with a salt bridge. One method involves the observation of the melting temperature of the wild-type protein versus that of the three mutants. The denaturation can be monitored through a change in circular dichroism. A reduction in melting ...

  6. Slipped strand mispairing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slipped_strand_mispairing

    Slipped strand mispairing (SSM, also known as replication slippage) is a mutation process which occurs during DNA replication. It involves denaturation and displacement of the DNA strands, resulting in mispairing of the complementary bases. Slipped strand mispairing is one explanation for the origin and evolution of repetitive DNA sequences. [1]

  7. Protein engineering - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_engineering

    Protein engineering. Protein engineering is the process of developing useful or valuable proteins through the design and production of unnatural polypeptides, often by altering amino acid sequences found in nature. [1] It is a young discipline, with much research taking place into the understanding of protein folding and recognition for protein ...

  8. Polymerase chain reaction optimization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymerase_chain_reaction...

    Polymerase chain reaction optimization. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a commonly used molecular biology tool for amplifying DNA, and various techniques for PCR optimization which have been developed by molecular biologists to improve PCR performance and minimize failure.

  9. Depurination - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depurination

    Depurination. Depurination is a chemical reaction of purine deoxyribonucleosides, deoxyadenosine and deoxyguanosine, and ribonucleosides, adenosine or guanosine, in which the β-N- glycosidic bond is hydrolytically cleaved releasing a nucleic base, adenine or guanine, respectively. The second product of depurination of deoxyribonucleosides and ...

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