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Example of saponification reaction of a triglyceride molecule (left) with potassium hydroxide (KOH) yielding glycerol (purple) and salts of fatty acids ().. Saponification value or saponification number (SV or SN) represents the number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide (KOH) or sodium hydroxide (NaOH) required to saponify one gram of fat under the conditions specified.
Saponification is a process of cleaving esters into carboxylate salts and alcohols by the action of aqueous alkali. Typically aqueous sodium hydroxide solutions are used. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It is an important type of alkaline hydrolysis .
Salting out (also known as salt-induced precipitation, salt fractionation, anti-solvent crystallization, precipitation crystallization, or drowning out) [1] is a purification technique that utilizes the reduced solubility of certain molecules in a solution of very high ionic strength.
The Reichert value is an indicator of how much volatile fatty acid can be extracted from a particular fat or oil through saponification. It is equal to the number of millilitres of 0.1 normal hydroxide solution necessary for the neutralization of the water-soluble volatile fatty acids distilled and filtered from 5 grams of a given saponified fat.
Conditioning of hard water from Tempe, Arizona with different types of treatment methods [19] [20] Treatment Normalized scale formation No treatment 1.00 Electromagnetic Water Treatment 0.57 Electrically Induced Precipitation 0.50 Capacitive Deionization 0.17 Ion exchange 0.06 Template Assisted Crystallization 0.04
Lye water is an essential ingredient in the crust of the traditional baked Chinese moon cakes. Most yellow coloured Chinese noodles are made with lye water but are commonly mistaken for containing egg. One variety of zongzi uses lye water to impart a sweet flavor. Sodium hydroxide causes gelling of egg whites in the production of century eggs.
Directional freezing can freeze water, from only one direction or side of a container, into clear ice. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Directional freezing in a domestic freezer can be done by putting water in a insulated container so that the water freezes from the top down, and removing before fully frozen, so that the minerals in the water are not frozen.
Pumpable ice can be produced in one of two ways: either by mixing crushed ice with a liquid or by freezing water within a liquid. The primary way is to manufacture commonly used forms of crystal solid ice, such as plate, tube, shell or flake ice, by crushing and mixing it with water. This mixture of different ice concentrations and particle