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Lysis (/ ˈ l aɪ s ɪ s / LY-sis; from Greek λῠ́σῐς lýsis 'loosening') is the breaking down of the membrane of a cell, often by viral, enzymic, or osmotic (that is, "lytic" / ˈ l ɪ t ɪ k / LIT-ik) mechanisms that compromise its integrity.
Cytolysis, or osmotic lysis, occurs when a cell bursts due to an osmotic imbalance that has caused excess water to diffuse into the cell. Water can enter the cell by diffusion through the cell membrane or through selective membrane channels called aquaporins, which greatly facilitate the flow of water. [ 1 ]
735 12279 Ensembl ENSG00000113600 ENSMUSG00000022149 UniProt P02748 P06683 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_001737 NM_013485 NM_001368420 NM_001368421 RefSeq (protein) NP_001728 NP_038513 NP_001355349 NP_001355350 Location (UCSC) Chr 5: 39.28 – 39.37 Mb Chr 15: 6.47 – 6.53 Mb PubMed search Wikidata View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse Complement component 9 (C9) is a MACPF protein involved in the complement ...
CD59 glycoprotein, also known as MAC-inhibitory protein (MAC-IP), membrane inhibitor of reactive lysis (MIRL), or protectin, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CD59 gene. [5] It is an LU domain and belongs to the LY6/uPAR/alpha-neurotoxin protein family. [6] CD59 attaches to host cells via a glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor.
To infect a host cell, the virus must first inject its own nucleic acid into the cell through the plasma membrane and (if present) the cell wall. The virus does so by either attaching to a receptor on the cell's surface or by simple mechanical force. The binding is due to electrostatic interactions and is influenced by pH and the presence of ions.
CwlC is found in the mother cell wall and functions for the lysis of the mother cell wall. [6] CwlC does not have a signal sequence but participates in late sporulation and is present in the cell wall. [14] [15] It was found in B. subtilis that CwlC is able to hydrolyze both vegetative cell walls and spore peptidoglycan. [14]
Most cells exhibit only one irregular hole, randomly positioned in the membrane, irrespective of its size. [10] During λ infection, S105 accumulates harmlessly in the membrane until it forms a single irregular hole, releasing the endolysin from the cytoplasm, resulting in lysis within seconds.
Phospholipase C (PLC) is a class of membrane-associated enzymes that cleave phospholipids just before the phosphate group (see figure). It is most commonly taken to be synonymous with the human forms of this enzyme, which play an important role in eukaryotic cell physiology , in particular signal transduction pathways.