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The reciprocal frame, also known as a Mandala roof, [1] has been used since the twelfth century in Chinese and Japanese architecture although little or no trace of these ancient methods remain. More recently they were used by architects Kazuhiro Ishii (the Spinning House) and Yasufumi Kijima, and engineer Yoishi Kan (Kijima Stonemason Museum).
In this example the lookouts are covered when the soffit is finished, as can be seen on the right hand side of the image. A lookout , [ 1 ] lookout rafter or roof outlooker [ 2 ] is a wooden joist that extends in cantilever out from the exterior wall (or wall plate) of a building, supporting the roof sheathing and providing a nailing surface ...
Compass rafter: A rafter curved or bowed on the top (the top surface of a rafter is called its "back") or both the top and bottom surfaces. Curb rafter: The upper rafters in a curb (kerb, gambrel, Mansard roof) roof. Hip rafter (angle rafter): The rafter in the corners of a hip roof. The foot of a hip rafter lands on a dragon beam.
A simple rafter roof consists of rafters that the rafter foot rest on horizontal wall plates on top of each wall. [3] The top ends of the rafters often meet at a ridge beam, but may butt directly to another rafter to form a pair of rafters called a couple.
A knee wall is a short wall, typically under three feet (one metre) in height, used to support the rafters in timber roof construction. In his book A Visual Dictionary of Architecture, Francis D. K. Ching defines a knee wall as "a short wall supporting rafters at some intermediate position along their length."
Pyramid roof: A steep hip roof on a square building. Pyatthat: A multi-tiered and spired roof commonly found in Burmese royal and Buddhist architecture. Tented: A type of polygonal hipped roof with steeply pitched slopes rising to a peak; Helm roof, Rhenish helm: A pyramidal roof with gable ends; often found on church towers.
A hammer-beam is a form of timber roof truss, allowing a hammerbeam roof to span greater than the length of any individual piece of timber.In place of a normal tie beam spanning the entire width of the roof, short beams – the hammer beams – are supported by curved braces from the wall, and hammer posts or arch-braces are built on top to support the rafters and typically a collar beam.
A view of a roof using common purlin framing. The purlins are marked in red. This view is from the inside of the building, below the roof. The rafters are the beams of wood angled upward from the ground. They meet at the top of the gable at a ridge beam, which has extra bracing to attach it to the rafters.