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Saturation is employed to limit current in saturable-core transformers, used in arc welding, and ferroresonant transformers which serve as voltage regulators. When the primary current exceeds a certain value, the core is pushed into its saturation region, limiting further increases in secondary current.
This is the result of moving atoms seeing the pump and probe beams resonant with two separate transitions. The pump beam can cause the ground state to be depopulated, saturating one transition, while the probe beam finds much fewer atoms in the ground state because of this saturation, and its absorption falls.
Saturation of a solute in a solution, as related to the solute's maximum solubility at equilibrium Supersaturation , where the concentration of a solute exceeds its maximum solubility at equilibrium Undersaturation , where the concentration of a solute is less than its maximum solubility at equilibrium
The saturation vapor pressure is the pressure at which water vapor is in thermodynamic equilibrium with its condensed state. At pressures higher than saturation vapor pressure, water will condense , while at lower pressures it will evaporate or sublimate .
The Köhler curve is the visual representation of the Köhler equation. It shows the saturation ratio – or the supersaturation = % – at which the droplet is in equilibrium with the environment over a range of droplet diameters. The exact shape of the curve is dependent upon the amount and composition of the solutes present in the atmosphere.
The key parameters for a saturable absorber are its wavelength range (where in the electromagnetic spectrum it absorbs), its dynamic response (how fast it recovers), and its saturation intensity and fluence (at what intensity or pulse energy it saturates). Saturable absorber materials are useful in laser cavities.
J 0, reverse saturation current density (ampere/cm 2) r S, specific series resistance (Ω·cm 2) r SH, specific shunt resistance (Ω·cm 2). This formulation has several advantages. One is that since cell characteristics are referenced to a common cross-sectional area they may be compared for cells of different physical dimensions.
Saturation velocity is the maximum velocity a charge carrier in a semiconductor, generally an electron, attains in the presence of very high electric fields. [1] When this happens, the semiconductor is said to be in a state of velocity saturation .