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Traction can also refer to the maximum tractive force between a body and a surface, as limited by available friction; when this is the case, traction is often expressed as the ratio of the maximum tractive force to the normal force and is termed the coefficient of traction (similar to coefficient of friction).
In GvK diagram, the x-axis is the vehicle velocity, and the y-axis is the dimensionless specific resistance.The same kind of vehicle may have multiple different operating velocities, with different corresponding specific resistances, consequently each kind of vehicle generally correspond to a whole region on the GvK diagram, but only the lower-edge of the region is plotted, since specific ...
Vehicle motions are largely due to the shear forces generated between the tires and road, and therefore the tire model is an essential part of the math model. In current vehicle simulator models, the tire model is the weakest and most difficult part to simulate. [2]
Continuous tractive effort is often shown in graph form at a range of speeds as part of a tractive effort curve. [1] Vehicles having a hydrodynamic coupling, hydrodynamic torque multiplier or electric motor as part of the power transmission system may also have a maximum continuous tractive effort rating, which is the highest tractive force ...
Circle of forces. The circle of forces, traction circle, friction circle, [1] or friction ellipse [2] [3] [4] is a useful way to think about the dynamic interaction between a vehicle's tire and the road surface. The diagram below shows the tire from above, so that the road surface lies in the xy-plane.
Opel car factory new car testing on chassis dynamometer Saab 96 on mobile dynamometer. Tractive force control/Force constant - in this mode the dynamometer holds set force regardless of speed or other parameters. The specified Force can be distributed evenly between the axles or in different amounts between different axles in the case of ...
A tracer-gas leak testing method is a nondestructive testing method that detects gas leaks. A variety of methods with different sensitivities exist. Tracer-gas leak testing is used in the petrochemical industry, the automotive industry, the construction industry [1] and in the manufacture of semiconductors, among other uses.
A detailed inventory of greenhouse gas emissions from upstream oil and gas activities in Canada for the year 2000 estimated that fugitive equipment leaks had a global warming potential equivalent to the release of 17 million metric tonnes of carbon dioxide, or 12 percent of all greenhouse gases emitted by the sector, [9] while another report put fugitive emissions at 5.2% of world greenhouse ...