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As such, slow communications technologies like postal mail and pneumatic tubes are excluded from the telecommunication's definition. [5] [6] Telecommunication is a compound noun of the Greek prefix tele-(τῆλε), meaning distant, far off, or afar, [7] and the Latin verb communicare, meaning to share.
Data communication, including data transmission and data reception, is the transfer of data, transmitted and received over a point-to-point or point-to-multipoint communication channel. Examples of such channels are copper wires , optical fibers , wireless communication using radio spectrum , storage media and computer buses .
[1]: §1.1.3 It provides services such as connection-oriented communication, reliability, flow control, and multiplexing. The details of implementation and semantics of the transport layer of the Internet protocol suite , [ 1 ] which is the foundation of the Internet , and the OSI model of general networking are different.
Many models of communication include the idea that a sender encodes a message and uses a channel to transmit it to a receiver. Noise may distort the message along the way. The receiver then decodes the message and gives some form of feedback. [1] Models of communication simplify or represent the process of communication.
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 16 February 2025. Transmission of information For other uses, see Communication (disambiguation). "Communicate" redirects here. For other uses, see Communicate (disambiguation). There are many forms of communication, including human linguistic communication using sounds, sign language, and writing as ...
Lasswell's model is one of the earliest and most influential models of communication. [3]: 109 It was first published by Harold Lasswell in his 1948 essay The Structure and Function of Communication in Society. [4] Its aim is to organize the "scientific study of the process of communication".
The nature of communication, the actual data exchanged and any state-dependent behaviors, is defined by these specifications. In digital computing systems, the rules can be expressed by algorithms and data structures. Protocols are to communication what algorithms or programming languages are to computations. [3] [4]
The four-sides model also known as communication square or four-ears model is a communication model described in 1981 by German psychologist Friedemann Schulz von Thun. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] It describes the multi-layered structure of human utterances.