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Published in 2011 by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the World Bank, the report assembles scientific information on disability, with relevance to the fields of public health, human rights and development. The intended audience is policy-makers, service providers, professionals, and advocates for people with disabilities and their families.
The social model of disability diverges from the dominant medical model of disability, which is a functional analysis of the body as a machine to be fixed in order to conform with normative values. [1] The medical model of disability carries with it a negative connotation, with negative labels associated with disabled people. [2]
Functioning and disability are viewed as a complex interaction between the health condition of the individual and the contextual factors of the environment as well as personal factors. The picture produced by this combination of factors and dimensions is of "the person in his or her world".
Disability studies is an academic discipline that examines the meaning, nature, and consequences of disability.Initially, the field focused on the division between "impairment" and "disability", where impairment was an impairment of an individual's mind or body, while disability was considered a social construct. [1]
After the decline of the Roman Empire, physicians and concern with public health disappeared except in the largest cities. [12] Health and public doctors remained in the Byzantine Empire. [12] Focusing on preventing the spread of diseases such as small pox lead to a smaller mortality rate in much of the western world. [12]
Public health is "the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through the organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private, communities and individuals". [1] [2] Analyzing the determinants of health of a population and the threats it faces is the basis for public health. [3]
Disability is the experience of any condition that makes it more difficult for a person to do certain activities or have equitable access within a given society. [1] Disabilities may be cognitive, developmental, intellectual, mental, physical, sensory, or a combination of multiple factors.
It is a civil rights law that protects the civil liberties of individuals with disabilities. As it pertains to universal design, the ADA requires covered employers and organizations to provide reasonable accommodations to employees with disabilities and imposes accessibility requirements on public accommodations. [12]