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The Early Feminists: Radical Unitarians and the Emergence of the Women’s Rights Movement, 1831–51 (Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1995). Gorham, Deborah. The Victorian girl and the feminine ideal (Routledge, 2012). Hawkins, Sue. Nursing and women's labour in the nineteenth century: the quest for independence (Routledge, 2010). Kent, Christopher.
The Culture of Domesticity (often shortened to Cult of Domesticity [1]) or Cult of True Womanhood is a term used by historians to describe what they consider to have been a prevailing value system among the upper and middle classes during the 19th century in the United States. [2]
[55] [59] Judith E. Tucker, in Women in the Middle East and North Africa: Restoring Women to History, emphasizes the ways in which changes in the geopolitical and economic landscapes of the 19th century influenced women's lives and roles in Middle Eastern society. [61]
In the mid 19th-century, Minna Canth first started to address feminist issues in public debate, such as women's education and sexual double standards. [26] The Finnish women's movement organized with the foundation of the Suomen Naisyhdistys in 1884, which was the first feminist women's organisation in Finland. [27]
During the early years of settlement in the late 19th century, farm women played an integral role in assuring family survival by working outdoors. After a generation or so, women increasingly left the fields, thus redefining their roles within the family. New conveniences such as sewing and washing machines encouraged women to turn to domestic ...
Women artists became "increasingly vocal and confident" in promoting women's work, and thus became part of the emerging image of the educated, modern and freer "New Woman". [26] In the late 19th century, Charles Dana Gibson depicted the "New Woman" in his piece, The Reason Dinner was Late, which shows a woman painting a policeman. [27] [28]
19th-century feminists reacted to cultural inequities including the pernicious, widespread acceptance of the Victorian image of women's "proper" role and "sphere". [57] The Victorian ideal created a dichotomy of "separate spheres" for men and women that was very clearly defined in theory, though not always in reality.
The term materialist feminism emerged in the late 1970s; materialist feminism highlights capitalism and patriarchy as central in understanding women's oppression. Under materialist feminism, gender is seen as a social construct, and society forces gender roles, such as bearing children, onto women. Materialist feminism's ideal vision is a ...