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It is usually a combination of a Bode magnitude plot, expressing the magnitude (usually in decibels) of the frequency response, and a Bode phase plot, expressing the phase shift. As originally conceived by Hendrik Wade Bode in the 1930s, the plot is an asymptotic approximation of the frequency response, using straight line segments .
# set terminal svg enhanced size 875 1250 fname "Times" fsize 25 set terminal postscript enhanced portrait dashed lw 1 "Helvetica" 14 set output "bode.ps" # ugly part of something G(w,n) = 0 * w * n + 100000 # 1 / (sqrt(1 + w**(2*n))) dB(x) = 0 + x + 100000 # 20 * log10(abs(x)) P(w) = w * 0 + 200 # -atan(w)*180/pi # Gridlines set grid # Set x axis to logarithmic scale set logscale x 10 set ...
Sometimes other ratios are more convenient than the 3 dB point. For instance, in the case of the Chebyshev filter it is usual to define the cutoff frequency as the point after the last peak in the frequency response at which the level has fallen to the design value of the passband ripple.
Bode's sensitivity integral, discovered by Hendrik Wade Bode, is a formula that quantifies some of the limitations in feedback control of linear parameter invariant systems. Let L be the loop transfer function and S be the sensitivity function .
A Bode plot of displacements in the system with (red) and without (blue) the 10% tuned mass. The Bode plot is more complex, showing the phase and magnitude of the motion of each mass, for the two cases, relative to F 1. In the plots at right, the black line shows the baseline response (m 2 = 0).
In finance, the binomial options pricing model (BOPM) provides a generalizable numerical method for the valuation of options.Essentially, the model uses a "discrete-time" (lattice based) model of the varying price over time of the underlying financial instrument, addressing cases where the closed-form Black–Scholes formula is wanting, which in general does not exist for the BOPM.
The mass-spring-damper model consists of discrete mass nodes distributed throughout an object and interconnected via a network of springs and dampers. This model is well-suited for modelling object with complex material properties such as nonlinearity and viscoelasticity. Packages such as MATLAB may be used to run simulations of such models. [1]
Given a transformation between input and output values, described by a mathematical function, optimization deals with generating and selecting the best solution from some set of available alternatives, by systematically choosing input values from within an allowed set, computing the output of the function and recording the best output values found during the process.