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It is a U.S. legal requirement to have a catalytic converter. [3] [4] Converters may not be removed from a vehicle that is used only for "off-road" driving in the United States. [5] The main purpose of a catalytic converter on an automobile is to reduce harmful emissions of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere.
The initial catalytic converters were installed in cars in the 1975 model year. In 1976, the three-way catalyst was introduced, which, after updates, has been able to eliminate 97% of tailpipe hydrocarbon emissions, 96% of carbon monoxide and 90% of nitrogen oxides produced in automobile engines and those used in light trucks and sport utility ...
A three-way catalytic converter on a gasoline-powered 1996 Dodge Ram Simulation of flow inside a catalytic converter. A catalytic converter is an exhaust emission control device which converts toxic gases and pollutants in exhaust gas from an internal combustion engine into less-toxic pollutants by catalyzing a redox reaction.
Inefficient catalytic converter under cold conditions: Catalytic converters are very inefficient until warmed up to their operating temperature. This time has been much reduced by moving the converter closer to the exhaust manifold and even more so placing a small yet quick-to-heat-up converter directly at the exhaust manifold.
2 + 2 NH 3 → 2 N 2 + 3 H 2 O ("fast SCR") The overall reduction of NO x by urea is then: 2 (NH 2) 2 CO + 4 NO + O 2 → 4 N 2 + 4 H 2 O + 2 CO 2 and 4 (NH 2) 2 CO + 6 NO 2 → 7 N 2 + 8 H 2 O + 4 CO 2 and (NH 2) 2 CO + NO + NO 2 → 2 N 2 + 2 H 2 O + CO 2. The ratio between NO 2 and NO determines which reactions take place and how fast.
Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) means converting nitrogen oxides, also referred to as NO x with the aid of a catalyst into diatomic nitrogen (N 2), and water (H 2 O). A reductant, typically anhydrous ammonia (NH 3), aqueous ammonia (NH 4 OH), or a urea (CO(NH 2) 2) solution, is added to a stream of flue or exhaust gas and is reacted onto a ...
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