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However, use of the literal rule may defeat the intention of Parliament. For instance, in the case of Whiteley v. Chappel, [10] the court came to the reluctant conclusion that Whiteley could not be convicted of impersonating "any person entitled to vote" at an election, because the person he impersonated was dead. Using a literal construction ...
A strict application of the plain meaning rule can sometimes result in "absurd" outcomes. Examples of the plain meaning rule producing absurd outcomes can be seen in the following cases: In Whitely v Chappel (1868), a statute made it an offence "to impersonate any person entitled to vote". The defendant used the vote of a dead man.
In England and Wales, the Poor Law Amendment Act 1851, section 3, made it an offence to impersonate a "person entitled to vote" at an election.In the case of Whiteley v Chappell (1868), the literal rule of statutory interpretation was employed to find that a dead person was not a "person entitled to vote" and consequently a person accused of this offence was acquitted.
These were: the mischief rule, the literal rule, and the golden rule. Statutes may be presumed to incorporate certain components, as Parliament is "presumed" to have intended their inclusion. [1] For example: Offences defined in criminal statutes are presumed to require mens rea (a guilty intention by the accused): Sweet v Parsley. [2]
Interpreting contracts in English law is an area of English contract law, which concerns how the courts decide what an agreement means.It is settled law that the process is based on the objective view of a reasonable person, given the context in which the contracting parties made their agreement.
In criminal law, strict liability is liability for which mens rea (Law Latin for "guilty mind") does not have to be proven in relation to one or more elements comprising the actus reus ("guilty act") although intention, recklessness or knowledge may be required in relation to other elements of the offense (Preterintentionally [1] [2] /ultraintentional [3] /versari in re illicita).
In a lengthy “New Rules” segment on Friday on “Real Time With Bill Maher,” the talkshow host laid into Chappell Roan, addressing an open letter to the singer and her political statements.
For example, in the 1904 case Fischer v. Union Trust Co. , the Michigan Supreme Court held that the one dollar paid for the sale of real property did not constitute valuable consideration since the transaction had not been bargained for—a dollar was handed to a mentally incompetent "buyer" who then dutifully handed it to the "seller".