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Following the 1979 Revolution, several laws based on gender discrimination were established such as the introduction of mandatory veiling and public dress code of females. [33] Women's rights since the Islamic Revolution has varied. About 9% of the Iranian parliament members are women, while the global average is 13%. [34]
Gender and Identity in Central and Eastern Europe. London: Frank Cass Publishers and Routledge. ISBN 9780714680873. Gal, Susan; Kligman, Gail (2000). The Politics of Gender after Socialism. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691048949. Salecl, Renata (1994). The Spoils of Freedom: Psychoanalysis and Feminism After the Fall of ...
The trans-feminine kathoey and hijra gender roles have persisted for thousands of years in Thailand and the Indian subcontinent, respectively. In Arabia, khanith (like earlier mukhannathun) have occupied a third gender role attested since the 7th century CE. Traditional roles for transgender women and transgender men have existed in many ...
Sexuality in Europe: A Twentieth-Century History (2011) excerpt and text search; Hufton, Olwen. The Prospect Before Her: A History of Women in Western Europe, 1500–1800 (1996) excerpt and text search; Levy, Darline Gay, et al. eds. Women in Revolutionary Paris, 1789–1795 (1981) 244pp excerpt and text search; primary sources
These roles can also be seen as fundamental occupational and spiritual callings, which are not as directly involved in designations such as male and female. [8] [9] In daily social life, the bissu, the calabai, and the calalai may enter the dwelling places and the villages of both men and women. [5]
The role of women in Vietnam was subject to many changes throughout the history of Vietnam. They have taken on varying roles in society, and the country has seen a number of advances in women's rights, such as an increase in female representation in government, as well as the creation of the Vietnam Women's Union in 1930.
Western culture creates cultural gender roles based on the meanings of gender and cultural practices. Western culture has clear distinctions among sex and gender, where sex is the biological differences and gender is the social construction. However, sex still influences how society perceives a certain gender. [9]
Yang Mei-hui translated Margaret Mead's Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies (1935), which introduced the concept of gender role formation to Chinese-speaking women in Taiwan. [70] This translation was also an influence on Lu, [ 71 ] whose followers established the Awakening Foundation and began publishing the Awakening Magazine in ...