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The Interpretive Theory of Translation [1] (ITT) is a concept from the field of Translation Studies.It was established in the 1970s by Danica Seleskovitch, a French translation scholar and former Head of the Paris School of Interpreters and Translators (Ecole Supérieure d’Interprètes et de Traducteurs (ESIT), Université Paris 3 - Sorbonne Nouvelle).
Translation changes everything: Theory and practice is a collection of essays written by translation theorist Lawrence Venuti. [1] during the period 2000–2012.Venuti conceives translation as an interpretive act with far-reaching social effects, at once enabled and constrained by specific cultural situations.
Translation studies is an academic interdiscipline dealing with the systematic study of the theory, description and application of translation, interpreting, and localization.
He estimates that the theory and practice of English-language translation had been dominated by submission, by fluent domestication. He strictly criticized the translators who in order to minimize the foreignness of the target text reduce the foreign cultural norms to target-language cultural values.
On Linguistic Aspects of Translation is an essay written by Russian-American linguist Roman Jakobson in 1959. [1] It was published in On Translation, a compendium of seventeen papers edited by Reuben Arthur Brower. On Translation discusses various aspects of translation and was published in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
The theory first appeared in an article published by linguist Hans Josef Vermeer in the German Journal Lebende Sprachen, 1978. [2]As a realisation of James Holmes’ map of Translation Studies (1972), [3] [4] skopos theory is the core of the four approaches of German functionalist translation theory [5] that emerged around the late twentieth century.
Venuti has concentrated on the theory and practice of translation. He is considered one of the most critically minded figures in modern translation theory, often with positions that substantially differ from those of mainstream theorists. He criticizes the fact that, too frequently, the translator is an invisible figure.
Literal translation, direct translation, or word-for-word translation is the translation of a text done by translating each word separately without analysing how the words are used together in a phrase or sentence. [1] In translation theory, another term for literal translation is metaphrase (as opposed to paraphrase for an analogous translation).