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The production of butanol by biological means was first performed by Louis Pasteur in 1861. [5] In 1905, Austrian biochemist Franz Schardinger found that acetone could similarly be produced. [5] In 1910 Auguste Fernbach (1860–1939) developed a bacterial fermentation process using potato starch as a feedstock in the production of butanol. [6]
The natural fermentation product of these bacteria, hydrogen gas, can be harnessed as a natural gas energy source. [6] [7] Photofermentation via algae instead of bacteria is used for bioethanol production, among other liquid fuel alternatives. [8] Basic principles of a bioreactor. The photofermentation bioreactor would not include an air pathway.
The advantages of Z. mobilis over S. cerevisiae with respect to producing bioethanol: higher sugar uptake and ethanol yield (up to 2.5 times higher), [3] lower biomass production, higher ethanol tolerance up to 16% (v/v), [4] does not require controlled addition of oxygen during the fermentation,
Ethanol fermentation, also called alcoholic fermentation, is a biological process which converts sugars such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose into cellular energy, producing ethanol and carbon dioxide as by-products. Because yeasts perform this conversion in the absence of oxygen, alcoholic fermentation is considered an anaerobic process.
Humans have used fermentation in production of food for 13,000 years. [5] Humans and their livestock have microbes in the gut that carry out fermentation, releasing products used by the host for energy. [6] Fermentation is used at an industrial level to produce commodity chemicals, such as ethanol and lactate.
In biochemistry, mixed acid fermentation is the metabolic process by which a six-carbon sugar (e.g. glucose, C 6 H 12 O 6) is converted into a complex and variable mixture of acids. It is an anaerobic (non-oxygen-requiring) fermentation reaction that is common in bacteria .
Industrial fermentation is the intentional use of fermentation in manufacturing processes. In addition to the mass production of fermented foods and drinks, industrial fermentation has widespread applications in chemical industry. Commodity chemicals, such as acetic acid, citric acid, and ethanol are made by fermentation. [1]
The Swiss company Butalco GmbH uses a special technology to modify yeasts in order to produce butanol instead of ethanol. Yeasts as production organisms for butanol have decisive advantages compared to bacteria. [13] Butanol combustion: C 4 H 9 OH + 6O 2 → 4CO 2 + 5H 2 O + heat Propanol combustion: 2C 3 H 7 OH + 9O 2 → 6 CO 2 + 8H 2 O + heat