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  2. Grade (slope) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_(slope)

    l = slope length α = angle of inclination. The grade (US) or gradient (UK) (also called stepth, slope, incline, mainfall, pitch or rise) of a physical feature, landform or constructed line is either the elevation angle of that surface to the horizontal or its tangent. It is a special case of the slope, where zero indicates horizontality. A ...

  3. Slope - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slope

    Slope illustrated for y = (3/2)x − 1.Click on to enlarge Slope of a line in coordinates system, from f(x) = −12x + 2 to f(x) = 12x + 2. The slope of a line in the plane containing the x and y axes is generally represented by the letter m, [5] and is defined as the change in the y coordinate divided by the corresponding change in the x coordinate, between two distinct points on the line.

  4. Stream gradient - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream_gradient

    The world average river reach slope is 2.6 m/km or 0.26%; [2] a slope smaller than 1% and greater than 4% is considered gentle and steep, respectively. [3] Stream gradient may change along the stream course. An average gradient can be defined, known as the relief ratio, which gives the average drop in elevation per unit length of river. [4]

  5. Drainage gradient - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_gradient

    Drainage gradient (DG) is a term in road design, defined as the combined slope due to road surface cross slope (CS) and longitudinal slope (hilliness). Although the term may not be used, the concept is also used in roof design and landscape architecture. If the drainage gradient is too low, rain and melt water drainage will be insufficient.

  6. Ruling gradient - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruling_gradient

    To compensate for this, the gradient should be a little less steep the sharper the curve is; the necessary grade reduction is assumed to be given by a simple formula such as 0.04 per cent per "degree of curve", the latter being a measure of curve sharpness used in the United States. On a 10-degree curve (radius 573.7 feet) the grade would thus ...

  7. Geometric design of roads - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_design_of_roads

    Vertical curves are used to provide a gradual change from one road slope to another, so that vehicles may smoothly navigate grade changes as they travel. Sag vertical curves are those that have a tangent slope at the end of the curve that is higher than that of the beginning of the curve.

  8. List of steepest gradients on adhesion railways - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_steepest_gradients...

    Metros and pure commuter railways often also allow steeper gradients, over 4%, for the same reason. High-speed railways commonly allow 2.5% to 4% because the trains must be strong and have many wheels with power to reach very high speeds. For freight trains, gradients should be as gentle as possible, preferably below 1.5%.

  9. Bode plot - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bode_plot

    Flatten the slope again when the phase has changed by degrees (for a zero) or degrees (for a pole). After plotting one line for each pole or zero, add the lines together to obtain the final phase plot; that is, the final phase plot is the superposition of each earlier phase plot.